Sibljak

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Sub-Mediterranean Sibljak formations built up by the Christ thorn and crippled Macedonian, Zerr and Hungarian oak cover the slopes in the valley of the Karst river Trebišnjica . The dark green forests are black pine forests.
The Sibljak of the Oromediterranean level with the plant-sociological order Lonicero-Rhamnion , Velje leto im Orjen

The Sibljak (serbokroat. Šibljak) is a widespread deciduous natural to semi-natural bush forest formations of the (sub-) Mediterranean countries of Southeast Europe, which is particularly common in the sub-Adriatic Dinarides on limestone and here on former forest locations of the supramediterranean as well as the lower montane level as dominant substitute society occurs. The Sibljak is physiognomically related to the maquis, which, unlike the Sibljak, is made up of hard-leaf elements of the Mediterranean ice. Sibljak replaces the macchia in the climatically determined distribution limit of the macchia in the following altitude levels. In the older botanical and geographic literature, the Dinarides 'karst forest' was used as a generic term for the limestone bush formations, which, however, also includes other formations such as pseudomachy under the same term.

distribution

The Sibljak is a characteristic vegetation formation for the entire Balkan Peninsula. In the continental climatic areas of the Balkans, where the forest vegetation was destroyed by anthropogenic influences, its actual characteristic is also found in the transitory climates between the Mediterranean ice and the temperate zone . Even in the Mediterranean region, the Sibljak represents the maquis from the supra / oro-Mediterranean highlands.

Characteristic

Adamović as well as Heinrich Brockmann-Jerosch and Eduard Rübel took the Sibljak as a type of summer shrubbery, which in the European context differentiates from winter green (machie, garigue) and laurel forest-like bushes (pseudomachy). Sibljak formations of light- and warmth-loving deciduous bushes are built up. Although the sites are sometimes a form of degradation of former oak forest sites , especially the Hungarian and Macedonian oak , no tall trees or species from oak forests are involved in its construction.

On the northern Adriatic, the Sibljak is found from 350 m, on the southern Adriatic from 550 m. Depending on the altitude and latitude, hard deciduous plants are added here and there. However, summer green Mediterranean shrubs or shrub-like trees are characteristic.

Synsociology

Berberis illyrica in the subalpine Krummholz-Sibljak association Berberidi-Rhamnetum Hor.

For the Sibljak societies in the Balkans, various plant-sociological orders were drawn up:

  • The real sub-Mediterranean Sibljak formations are in the Paliuro-Cotinetalia Fuk association. with the order Paliuro-Petterion Fuk. summarized. Here Fukarek differentiates between the associations Paliuretum submediterraneum and Juniperetum oxycedri . Broad-leaved stone linden ( Phillyrea media ) and the holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) were found as evergreen components in the Trebišnjica valley in southwestern Herzegovina .
  • The highest occurring Sibljak formations belong to a separate association: Rhamnetalia fallacis Fuk. with the order Lonicero-Rhamnion and the main association Berberidi-Rhamnetum . In these, the buckthorn Rhamnus fallax and the barberry Berberis illyrica are the character species.

In the species composition of the Hartlaub stage : following the Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean mixed deciduous stage participate Punica granatum , Paliurus spina-christi , Jasminus fruticans , Crataegus pyracantha mixed with Pistacia terebinthus , Colutea , Coronilla emeroides , Rhus cotinus , Staphylea pinnata etc. Among the occasionally interspersed evergreen elements Juniperus oxycedrus , Phyllirea ssp. , Ruscus acueatus, etc. a.

From the higher oromediterranean mixed foliage levels, Petteria ramentacea , Fraxinus ornus , Ostrya carpinifolia , Carpinus orientalis , Acer monspessulanum , Prunus mahaleb , Colutea arborescens , Rhamnus ssp. and Rubus ssp. u. a. added.

The ground vegetation of Sibljak is similar to oromediterranean with the sub-Mediterranean-submontane hop beech forest: Ostrya carpinifolia , Sesleria autumnalis , Paeonia peregrina , Asparagus tenuifolius , Aristolochia pallida , Mercurialis ovata , Spiraea ulimifolia ; Characteristics that connect with the Carpinetum orientalis : Fraxinus ornus , Celtis australis , Prunus mahaleb , Pyrus amygdaliformis , Acer monspessulanum , Coronilla emeroides , Colutea arborescens , Hellebours istraiacus , Cotinus coggygria .

The Sibljak order Lonicero-Rhamnion established by Pavle Fukarek has been described from the higher levels of the sub-Adriatic Dinarides and, according to EUNIS , is counted among the relictic deciduous subalpine crookedwood bushes . Here, Rhamnus fallax , Lonicera glutinosa , Berberis illyrica and Viburnum maculatum besides various roses, yew and hazel tree main character types in the wood layer. Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae occurs in the Berberido-Rhamnetum association , as described by Fukarek from Orjen, as a special companion plant. This association can pass into the Dinaric karst block forest with the emergence of the silver fir .

ecology

Sibljak is either a natural formation on rocks or represents a semi-natural substitute society of climatic or azonal units. Since many of the shrubs that build up the formation almost never or only sporadically occur as undergrowth in the forests, the Sibjlak formation owes only its distribution to deforestation , but not its original origin. The formation mostly consists of raw soils of the Rendzic Leptosols soil class, which in remote locations can also belong to Terra rossa. In high altitudes, deeper developed calcocambisols than organogenic humus soils, which are characterized by mineral enrichment, are developed by the Lonicero-Rhamnion Fuk association. for example in the Orjen Mountains. The more deeply developed organominerogenic soils of the Sibljak sites are still characterized by clay enrichment. This means that water can be better retained by adsorption, which means that it does not dry out as quickly. Because of the critical water-holding capacity in the Meditrranen climatic area, only those formations have developed on lime omelanosols that can adapt to the stronger xerophytic conditions to which Sibljak formations can be assigned.

Types

According to the facies-forming lead plants, Adamović distinguished the following types, among others: cotinus type and paliurus type. Other types with Coriaria , Syringa , Petteria , Cercis , Chamaecerasus , Amygdalus , Forsythia , Zizyphus , Punica , Lantana , Berberis and Quercus .

etymology

The term was introduced in ecology by Lujo Adamović (1901, 09). In Serbo-Croatian the term actually only means "bushes".

literature

  • Ivo Horvat, Vjekoslav Glavač, Heinz Ellenberg: Vegetation of Southeast Europe . Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1974, pp. 258-259.
  • Lujo Adamović 1901: The Sibljak formation, a little known scrub in the Balkans . Engler's Botanical Yearbooks, 8, XXXI., 1–29 [3] , [4]

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duden (online) Sibljak
  2. ^ William Bertram Turrill 1929: The Plant Life of the Balkan Peninsula . Clarendon Press, Oxford. P. 153
  3. ^ Lujo Adamović 1929: The flora of the Adriatic countries . Gustav Fischer, Jena. P. 52
  4. ^ William Bertram Turrill 1929: The Plant Life of the Balkan Peninsula . P. 153
  5. ↑ Heinrich Brockmann-Jerosch and Eduard Rübel 1912: The division of plant communities according to ecological physiognomic aspects. W. Engelmann, Leipzig p. 413)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , (PDF, p. 414)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / bibdigital.rjb.csic.es  
  6. ^ Lujo Adamović 1929: The flora of the Adriatic countries . P. 157
  7. ^ Lujo Adamović 1929: The flora of the Adriatic countries . P. 67
  8. ↑ EUNIS Habitat classification 2011 Subalpine deciduous scrub
  9. ↑ Pavle Fukarek 1970: Fitocenološka, ​​istraživanja i kartiranja šumskih i šibljačkih zajednica na hercegovačkim planinama Orjen, Prenj i Čvrsnica . Radovi ANUBiH 39, l, 175-229, 1970., Sarajevo. Here p. 189
  10. ↑ Pavle Cikovac 2002: Sociology and location-dependent distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . P. 40 [1]
  11. ^ Hannes Mayer 1984: Forests of Europe . Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-437-30441-0 . P. 378y
  12. ↑ Pavle Cikovac 2002: Sociology and site-dependent distribution of fir-rich forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro). Diploma thesis in the Department of Geography, LMU, Munich. Here p. 40 [2]
  13. ^ I. Horvat, V. Glavac, H. Ellenberg 1974: Vegetation Südosteuropas . Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. Pp. 258-259
  14. ^ I. Horvat, V. Glavac, H. Ellenberg 1974: Vegetation Südosteuropas . P. 258