Crimean peony
| Crimean peony | ||||||||||||
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Plant at wild location, Orjen Mountains, Montenegro ( Paeonia daurica ssp. Daurica ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Paeonia daurica | ||||||||||||
| Andrews |
The Crimean peony ( Paeonia daurica ) is a plant from the genus of peony ( Paeonia ) in the family of peony plants (Paeoniaceae). It occurs with six subspecies in mountains from the western Balkans to northern Iran. The largest leaves of all peonies have Paeonia daurica subsp. macrophylla from the Transcaucasus . The Crimean peony is closely related to the coral peony ( Paeonia mascula ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Crimean peony is a perennial herbaceous plant . The characteristics of the species Paeonia daurica include the slightly thickened, beet-shaped roots. It has two-fold divided leaves with nine leaf segments (in P. mascula 10 to 13), rarely three-fold leaves with up to 19 leaf segments; the leaves are ovate, oblong or obovate and more than 3 cm wide. The leaves can be smooth or very hairy and vary considerably in size.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are solitary without or over up to two bracts . The flowers contain two to three sepals , five to eight petals and numerous stamens . The species complex Paeonia daurica varies in the color of the petals, the shape and size of the leaves and the indumentum of the leaves and the carpels . There are forms with pink, yellow, white and red flowers.
Evolution and ecology
During the Quaternary Ice Age , the geographical isolation of individual populations of Paeonia resulted in the genetic narrowing of the native clan of Paeonia daurica . A hybridization process by crossing related species has led to the still incomplete speciation process. The subspecies of Paeonia daurica are therefore too variable to be elevated to the rank of species on the basis of clear diacritical features. The large abundance of described peonies in the Mediterranean region ( Paeonia mascula , Paeonia officinalis , Paeonia cambessedessi , Paeonia corsica , Paeonia daurica , Paeonia peregrina , Paeonia clusii , Paeonia saueri , Paeonia broteroi , Paeonia banatica , Paeonia Radiation continues through re-hybridization processes) it is difficult to draw the line between species and subspecies. Only molecular biological methods allow a better differentiation today. The hybrid origin of the Mediterranean peonies has been clearly proven.
P. daurica is not typically Mediterranean as it inhabits humid mountains ( Orjen , Caucasus ). The very large leaves (subsp. Wittmanniana , subsp. Macrophylla , subsp. Tomentosa ) would be unfavorable for dry climates. Mediterranean peonies usually have narrow leaves ( P. clusii , P. peregrina ). More hairy forms of the Crimean peony such as mlokosewitschii and tomentosa have developed a stronger protection against dehydration. You should therefore be in full sun in the garden.
distribution
The natural range of the Paeonia daurica (including all of its subspecies) are subtropical mountains of the Balkan Peninsula , the Caucasus and Transcaucasus as well as Northern Iran ( Elburs Mountains ).
Locations are mostly subalpine and alpine altitudes (subsp. Mlokosewitschii subsp. Wittmanniana subsp. Tomentosa subsp. Macrophylla ), but often montane within Oak mixed deciduous forests and fir-beech mixed forests (subsp. Coriifolia subsp. Mlokosewitschii , daurica ss ). Paeonia daurica subsp. wittmanniana and Paeonia daurica sensu stricto are mostly found on limestone. Therefore, Paeonia daurica sensu stricto in the karst mountains of the Crimea and the Balkans is an element of sub-Mediterranean shrub and garigue communities in the ( Orjen ) as well as in the Dinaric karst block pile-fir forest .
Populations are mostly distributed over a small area and can be composed of several hundred individuals. Individual subspecies are endangered in their existence. The population of Crimea is on Ukraine's Red List of Endangered Species . Overall, the distribution is still insufficiently documented because historically there have often been misinterpretations of Paeonia mascula and Paeonia daurica .
Synsociology
The Mediterranean population of Paeonia daurica in the Orjen has been studied in more detail. Characteristic is the montane distribution within thermophilic beech forests with structurally unstable characteristics on heavily karstified and block-rich layered stairs. Windward slope and protection from bora storms are prerequisites for ecological niche . The accompanying species are mostly attributed to the tall herbaceous vegetation with a significant proportion of locally endemic forms ( Cattani lily , pale iris and orjen iris ). Paeonia daurica occurs in the Orjen both within forests and in open areas in limestone crevices. More humid and partially shaded locations are preferred locations. The species-rich mixed forests with a high proportion of tertiary relics are also outstanding biocenoses that suggest a great age. This type of open rock forest is certainly a form of tertiary forest that has preserved the higher biodiversity compared to closed, structurally stable beech forests to this day. The Dendroflora Peony forests also shows with Sommerlinde , hazel tree , snakeskin pine , white fir , sycamore and many shrubs, a subtropical humid and thermophilic form of European montane forest types.
Lianas are very distinctive within the peony forests due to their strong competitiveness. Even the larger tall perennials are used as carriers and overgrown by them.
| Art | Plot 1 | Plot 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Paeonia daurica - Crimean Peony | 4th | 3 |
| Abies alba - silver fir | 4th | 3 |
| Fagus sylvatica - European beech | 4th | 5 |
| Corylus colurna - hazel tree | 3 | 0 |
| Ostrya carpinifolia - common hop beech | 0 | 4th |
| Acer pseudoplatanus - sycamore maple | 3 | 3 |
| Acer intermedium | 0 | 2 |
| Fraxinus excelsior - common ash | 3 | 2 |
| Sorbus aria - whitebeam | 2 | 0 |
| Euonymus europaea - euonymus | 0 | 2 |
| Crataegus montanus | 2 | 0 |
| Prunus prostrata | 0 | 2 |
| Lonicera glutinosa - Sticky honeysuckle | 3 | 0 |
| Rosa pendulina - mountain rose | 0 | 2 |
| Sesleria autumnalis - autumn blue grass | 5 | 4th |
| Aremonia agremonoides - Aremonia | 2 | 2 |
| Heracleum sphondylium - meadow hogweed | 3 | 0 |
| Asphodelus albus - White Affodill | 2 | 2 |
| Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae - Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae , | 2 | 2 |
| Iris orjenii - Orjen Iris | 0 | 2 |
| Bryonia dioica - Red-fruited bryony | 2 | 2 |
| Dentaria enneaphyllos - whorleaved tooth root | 2 | 0 |
| Hedera helix - ivy | 3 | 0 |
| Dioscorea communis - Common carpentery | 3 | 0 |
| Sedum maximum - Large stonecrop ( Hylotelephium telephium subsp. Maximum ) | 2 | 2 |
| Dryopteris filix-mas - common worm fern | 2 | 0 |
| Hieracium murorum - forest hawkweed | 0 | 2 |
| Pteridium aquilinum - bracken | 2 | 0 |
| Lamium spec. Dead nettles | 0 | 2 |
| Anemone nemorosa - wood anemone | 2 | 0 |
| Frangula rupestris - Rhamnus rupestris | 0 | 2 |
| Viola riviniana - wood violet | 2 | 2 |
| Prenanthes purpurea - hare lettuce | 2 | 0 |
| Polygonatum odoratum - Genuine Solomon's Seal | 0 | 2 |
| Dentaria bulbifera - onion tooth root | 2 | 2 |
| Melica nutans - nodding pearl grass | 2 | 2 |
| Thalictrum minus - small meadow rue | 0 | 2 |
| Crocus dalmaticus | 0 | 2 |
| Cirsium erisithales - sticky thistle | 2 | 0 |
| Sesleria robusta | 3 | 0 |
| Sedum ochroleucum - Yellow ocher sedum | 2 | 2 |
| Rubus idaeus - raspberry | 2 | 0 |
| Cicerbita alpina - alpine milk lettuce | 2 | 0 |
| Rosa spec- roses | 0 | 2 |
| Vicia cracca - bird vetch | 0 | 2 |
| Convallaria majalis - lily of the valley | 2 | 0 |
| Festuca ovina - Real sheep fescue | 0 | 3 |
| Fragaria vesca - wild strawberry | 2 | 0 |
| Myrrhis odorata - sweet umbel | 5 | 0 |
| Asyneuma pichleri | 2 | 0 |
| Geranium robertianum - Ruprecht's herb | 2 | 0 |
| Galium lucidum - gloss bedstraw | 0 | 5 |
| Thalictrum aquilegifolium - Columbine-leaved meadow rue | 0 | 2 |
Systematics
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During the Pleistocene Ice Age , climatic fluctuations in the Mediterranean area led to intensive horizontal and vertical migration of many plant families . The predominantly tetraploid peonies in the mountains of the Mediterranean today are therefore mostly of hybrid origin. The difficulty of differentiating the abundance of individual forms of peonies created by hybridization has contributed to taxonomic synonymy and controversial classifications of the genus.
The Crimean peony was described by Henry Charles Andrews as Paeonia daurica in 1807 , but the synonym Paeonia triternata Pall also exists . ; in addition, it was also known as a subspecies of the large-leaved peony under the name Paeonia mascula subsp. triternata viewed. This name, which is still in use, is still scientifically synonymous. Paeonia daurica is closely related to Paeonia mascula , but has enough independence to have its own species status. Differences in the number of chromosomes (2n = 10 in Paeonia daurica , on the other hand 2n = 20 in Paeonia mascula ) and a number of morphologically unambiguous diacritical features confirm this idea.
The conditions in the complex of diverse Caucasian-Near Eastern peonies are difficult . For them, the taxonomic concept of species was often broadly defined in the past. Almost every individual population has been described as a distinct species. Due to unstable characteristic variation (polymorphism), after a thorough revision of the group, formerly independent species can only be understood as subspecies of Paeonia daurica .
The controversial discussion of the subspecies complex of Paeonia daurica has resulted in a variety of different treatments for the species. While even Paeonia daurica sensu stricto was only regarded as a subspecies of Paeonia mascula for a long time ( Paeonia mascula subsp. Triternata ), the Caucasian representatives of the complex are often described as completely separate species due to minimal differences. Practically every individual population was raised to species status. So Kemularia-Nathadze came in 1961 in a revision of the Paeonia daurica complex in 9 species. According to more recent findings and a different taxonomic understanding that takes into account the considerable polymorphism of the group, only one species is to be defended. This makes Paeonia daurica a species with six or more recognized geographical subspecies:
- Paeonia daurica subsp. daurica - The nominate form "Crimean Peony"
- Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii (Lomakin) DYHong - "Mlokosewitschs Peony"
- Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia (Rupr.) DY Hong - "Caucasus Peony"
- Paeonia daurica subsp. macrophylla (Albov) DYHong
- Paeonia daurica subsp. tomentosa (Lomakin) DY Hong
- Paeonia daurica subsp. velebitensis D.Y.Hong
- Paeonia daurica subsp. wittmanniana (Hartwiss ex Lindl.) DY Hong - "Wittmann's Peony"
- Paeonia daurica nothosubsp. lagodechiana (Kem.-Nath.) Halda is the hybrid between Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia × Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosevichii .
Paeonia daurica subsp. daurica : Crimean peony
This is the nominate form ; Synonyms are Paeonia triternata , Paeonia mascula subsp. triternata (Boiss.) Stearn & PHDavis , Paeonia corallina subsp. triternata .
The leaves are oblong (round), undulated (wavy) at the edge; the apex is round, the flower color is pink. The nominate form is widespread on limestone in mixed forests of the Crimea , the Carpathian Mountains in southern Romania , the southeast Dinarides Orjen and in the Pindus in northern Greece at altitudes of 1000 to 1500 m . Their distribution area extends from Croatia to the Crimea and from northern and southern Turkey to Lebanon. It is diploid with 2n = 10.
Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia (Rupr.) DY Hong: Caucasus peony
Synonyms are Paeonia caucasica (Schipcz.) Schipcz. , Paeonia ruprechtiana and Paeonia kavachensis Azn.
The leaves are ovate (egg-shaped); they are hairless or with slightly void hair. The flower color is dark red. This subspecies is common in mixed deciduous forests of the West Caucasus and the Central Caucasus below 1000 m above sea level. It is diploid with 2n = 10.
Paeonia daurica subsp. macrophylla (Albov) DY Hong
A synonym is Paeonia macrophylla Lomakin .
This subspecies has the largest leaves of all peonies. Villose or pillose indumetum of the leaves; the pistils (carpels), however, are hairless (almost all other sub-species have hairy carpels). This subspecies is common in montane, subalpine and alpine in north-western Turkey and in south-western Georgia (Adjaria). The distribution area extends from northeastern Turkey to Armenia. It is tetraploid with 2n = 20.
Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii (Lomakin) DY Hong: Mlokosewitsch's peony
A synonym is Paeonia mlokosewitschii Lomakin .
The leaves are obovate to round and hairy puberlous on the underside . The flower color is yellow, white and sometimes with a red basal spot. This subspecies is common in the Central Caucasus in mixed forests above 1000 m above sea level. It is diploid with 2n = 10.
Paeonia daurica subsp. tomentosa (Lomakin) DY Hong
A synonym is Paeonia tomentosa (Lomak.) N.Busch ex Grossh.
The leaves of this subspecies are hairy on the underside with villos and / or pillos; the petals are pale yellow with reddish basal spots; the carpels are mostly hairy tomentos . The subspecies is distributed in the southeastern Caucasus in Azerbaijan to Northern Iran (Elburs Mountains). It is tetraploid with 2n = 20.
Paeonia daurica subsp. velebitensis DYHong
It occurs in Croatia.
Paeonia daurica subsp. wittmanniana (Hartwiss ex Lindl.) DY Hong: Wittmann's peony
Synonyms are Paeonia wittmanniana Hartwiss ex Lindl. and Paeonia steveniana Kem.-Nath.
This subspecies has large leaves that are hairless or pillos or villos hairy. The carpels are hairless, the flower color is white . The home of this subspecies is in the West Caucasus ( Georgia and Abkhazia ) in mixed forests at altitudes between (800) 1200 and 2200 m above sea level. It is tetraploid with 2n = 20.
Healing effect
Paeonia daurica is designated as a medicinal plant in Turkey . The beet-shaped roots contain large amounts of monoterpenoids and acetophenone derivatives.
Horticultural
The Crimean peony is used as an ornamental plant. In particular the yellow-flowered subspecies Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii (Mlokosewitsch's Caucasus peony) is a popular wild species that is among the winners in all surveys by the GdS Peonies Section.
All forms of Paeonia daurica are suitable for garden design. The taller subspecies ( Paeonia daurica subsp. Tomentosa , Paeonia daurica subsp. Wittmanniana , Paeonia daurica subsp. Macrophylla ) are beautiful solitary shrubs for shady locations in the garden, while the subspecies Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia , Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii and Paeonia daurica subsp. daurica are well suited for the rock garden and the alpinum. Suitable partners of the Crimean peony are irises , such as the pale iris ( Iris pallida ) and the German iris or bearded iris ( Iris germanica , also the variety Iris germanica var. Florentina ), but also delphiniums , forget-me-nots , ferns and grasses. Suitable accompanying shrubs are cultivars of the common snowball ( Viburnum opulus ) and the witch hazel species Hamamelis virginiana . As an element of the cottage garden , fruit trees (plum, apple) look particularly good together with peonies. They can also create a nice effect when planted next to a picket fence.
literature
- P. Cikovac: Sociology and local distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains - Montenegro. Diploma thesis at the LMU, Department of Geography, Munich 2002, academia.edu .
- P. Cikovac: Paeonia daurica ANDREWS in the Dinaric Alps, ORJEN 1893 m - Serbia and Montenegro. - III International Peony Symposium, Munich 2005.
- D.-Y. Hong , S.-L. Zhou: Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) in the Caucasus. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. October 2003, Volume 143, No. 2, pp. 135–150 paeo.de (PDF).
- T. Sang, J. Pan, D. Zhang, D. Ferguson, C. Wang, K.-Y. Pan, D.-Y. Hong: Origins of polyploids: an example from peonies (Paeonia) and a model for angiosperms. In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. August 2004, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 561-571.
Web links
- Ornamental Peonies from Russia - The Caucasus Peonies
- Paeonia daurica as a Red List species of Ukraine
- Carsten Burkhardt's Web Project Paeonia - extensive database with pictures, descriptions and original literature about peonies
- Section Peonies of the GdS
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Tao Sang, Jin Pan, Daming Zhang, Diane Ferguson, Chao Wang, Kai-Yu Pan, De-Yuan Hong : Origins of polyploids: an example from peonies (Paeonia) and a model for angiosperms . In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 82 , no. 4 , p. 561-571 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2004.00341.x .
- ↑ a b Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) in the Caucasus. Revision by DY Hong.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Paeonia daurica. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 26, 2019.