Denise Kandel

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Denise Kandel

Denise Kandel (born on 27. February 1933 in Paris , France as Denise Bystryn ; 1949 emigrated to New York, USA) is an American social physician and epidemiologist . She is known for her epidemiological longitudinal studies on the chronological sequence of the first consumption of various legal and illegal drugs, carried out since the 1970s to the present (as of 2016).

Life

Parents and family

Denise Kandel comes from a Polish-Jewish family; Both parents left their homeland in eastern Poland independently of one another in the 1920s to study in France. Her father Iser Bystryn (1901–1954) worked as a mechanical engineer after completing his studies in Caen . Her mother Sara Wolsky Bystryn (1906–2003) had to give up her plans to study in Paris for financial reasons and learned to make hats and corsets. Denise Kandel was born three years after her parents got married. She has a younger brother, Jean-Claude, b. May 8, 1938. Although both parents spoke French fluently, they spoke Yiddish among themselves .

Time in France until 1949

The family lived in Colombes near Paris, and Denise attended a primary school for girls (Ecole des Filles). The children grew up secularly , no synagogue was ever visited, and the children received presents for Christmas. In 1941, when Denise was eight years old, and one year after the invasion of France by the German Wehrmacht , her father was arrested as a "foreign Jew" and transferred to the Beaune-la-Rolande concentration camp about 100 km south of Paris (from 1942 a transit camp for the Auschwitz extermination camp ). After fleeing to Cahors in south-west France, he reunited with his family. While the parents, separated from each other, constantly had to hide in new places, the children found permanent shelter. Denise stayed at the Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc monastery in Cahors as a student until the spring of 1944, when she had to flee from there and was taken in with a family near Toulouse . In 1949 her family emigrated to the USA.

Time in the US since 1949

There she attended the Lycée Français de New York, which she completed after a year with the Baccalauréat (Abitur). At the age of 17 she was accepted at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia , where she graduated within two years for financial reasons. She then returned to New York and became a PhD student at Columbia University . She did her PhD in medical sociology with Robert K. Merton on the question of how medical students choose their subject specialization. During this time she also met Eric Kandel , who later became a neurobiologist and Nobel Prize winner in medicine in 2000, with whom she has been married since 1956 and has two children.

Scientific work

As drug abuse research began to grow in importance in the 1960s, Denise Kandel applied to a research group that wanted to investigate drug use among high school students. She assumed that she would be able to contribute her previous research experience on the influence of parents and peers on adolescents. However, her collaboration was refused because she wanted to interview both parents and students. The research group feared that this would endanger the participation of young people. Kandel then developed his own research project, which ultimately led to an influential longitudinal study of 1,325 people. In retrospect, she assessed this work as a turning point in her career.

The main subject of this and other similar studies has been the timing of initial use of various legal and illegal drugs. Her work met with such great interest in the scientific and political discussion that the relevant keywords "stepping stone theory" (used since the 1930s, literally "stepping stone theory") and "gateway hypothesis" (used since the 1980s, literally "entry hypothesis") - in German for both entry drug - were very often mistakenly linked to their name. In contrast to many others, Kandel always differentiated between the temporal and causal sequence of the first use of different substances. Both can be related - but do not have to be, which will be investigated more closely through further research, in particular through physiological experiments.

Denise Kandel is Professor of Sociomedical Sciences in the School of Psychiatry at Columbia University and Director of Substance Abuse Epidemiology at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.

Awards

Works (selection)

Original research reports

Books

  • Denise B Kandel: The career decisions of medical students: a study in occupational recruitment and occupational choice . Dissertation, Columbia University, New York 1960.
  • Denise B Kandel, Richard Hays Williams: Psychiatric rehabilitation: some problems of research . New York, Atherton 1964.
  • Denise Bystryn Kandel, Gerald S. Lesser: Youth in two worlds . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass 1972, ISBN 9780875891316 .
  • Denise Bystryn Kandel: Longitudinal Research on Drug Use: Empirical Findings and Methodological Issues . Halsted Press 1978, ISBN 9780470262870 .
  • Denise B. Kandel: Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use And The Baby Boom Generation: Findings from the 1979-1996 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse . US Government Printing Office 2001, ISBN 9780160508165 .
  • Denise B. Kandel (Ed.): Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis . Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-78969-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Photo (large format) of the parents from 1930 and numerous biographical data of the family (accessed May 13, 2016).
  2. ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Photo (large format) of the parents from 1930 and numerous biographical data of the family (accessed May 13, 2016).
  3. ↑ The World Holocaust Remembrance Center: Four photos by Denise Bystryn Kandel from the years 1942-1944 (accessed on May 13, 2016).
  4. ↑ Barbara Spector: The Gateway Hypothesis of Substance Abuse ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Bryn Mawr College, Newsletter Science and Technology , January 2003 (accessed May 13, 2016).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brynmawr.edu
  5. ↑ Barbara Spector: The Gateway Hypothesis of Substance Abuse ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Bryn Mawr College, Newsletter Science and Technology , January 2003 (accessed May 13, 2016).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brynmawr.edu
  6. ↑ Denise B. Kandel (Ed.): Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis , Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-78969-1 , pp. 3 f.
  7. ↑ M. Ellgren, SM Spano, YL Hurd: Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats. In: Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Volume 32, Number 3, March 2007, pp. 607-615, doi : 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301127 , PMID 16823391 .
  8. ↑ C. Cadoni, A. Pisanu, M. Solinas, E. Acquas, G. Di Chiara: Behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine. In: Psychopharmacology. Volume 158, Number 3, November 2001, pp. 259-266, doi : 10.1007 / s002130100875 , PMID 11713615 .
  9. ↑ LV Panlilio, C. Zanettini, C. Barnes, M. Solinas, SR Goldberg: Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats. In: Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Volume 38, number 7, June 2013, pp. 1198–1208, doi : 10.1038 / npp.2013.16 , PMID 23314220 , PMC 3656362 (free full text).
  10. ^ ER Kandel, DB Kandel: Shattuck Lecture: A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug. In: The New England Journal of Medicine . Volume 371, number 10, September 2014, pp. 932-943, doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsa1405092 , PMID 25184865 , PMC 4353486 (free full text).
  11. ↑ Denise Kandel's website at Columbia University Medical Center ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on May 13, 2016). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org
  12. ↑ National Institute of Health (NIH) .
  13. ^ American Society of Addiction Medicine: Award Winners .
  14. ^ The Society for Prevention Research, Award Listings, 2003 .
personal data
SURNAME Kandel, Denise
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bystryn, Denise (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American social medicine doctor and epidemiologist
DATE OF BIRTH February 27, 1933
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris , France