German declension

The German declension describes a division of the formation of word forms ( inflection ) within the German grammar . Declination is generally the opposite of conjugation (the formation of verbs ). It describes the formation of forms in nominal parts of speech (in the broad sense of nouns ); these are: noun ( noun ), adjective ( adjective , epithet), pronoun (pronoun), numerals ( numeral ) and article (gender, companion).

The grammatical features that play the main role for the German declension are:

Case (case): nominative (who-case), genitive (Wes [sen] case), dative (who-case), accusative (who-case)
Number : Singular (singular) and plural (plural)
Genus (sex): masculine (male sex), feminine (female sex), neuter (neuter gender).

In addition, there is the so-called strength flexion with adjectives .

The declension in German is mostly done with the help of endings ( suffixes ) (Haus, Haus-es, Haus-e, Häus-er, Häus-ern) ; With some of these endings, the stressed vowel has to be changed with certain German nouns (Haus - Häuser, Vater - Fäter) . Depending on the nature of the root of the word, endings can be completely omitted (one window - many windows) , any umlaut has been retained (the floor - the floors) .

Due to merging with the root of the word in earlier language epochs, the inflection of the nouns split into several classes with different endings. Adjectives and pronouns, on the other hand, have their own endings.

Nouns and personal pronouns

Nouns

Strong, weak, and mixed declension of nouns

In the grammar tradition according to Jacob Grimm , a distinction is made between strong, weak and mixed declension of nouns. The assignment of nouns to these classes is based on the ending in the genitive singular and in the nominative plural. However, the definitions and classification criteria differ in the various grammars (see notes).

Genitive singular	Nominative plural	class	Examples
Masculine and neuter (masculine and neuter nouns)
- (e) s (= -es or -s)	[a]: none - (e) n [b]: -e, -er, -s or -Ø [c]: -e, -er or -Ø	strong	Day, advice, child, bike, teacher according to [a] and [b], not according to [c]: accumulator
- (e) n	- (e) n	weak	Man, Prince, Rabbit ( Note: There are no neutrals here. )
-(it	- (e) n	mixed	Country; eye
- (e) ns	- (e) n	unclassified	Letter
Feminina (feminine nouns)
-	- (e) n	[A]: weak or [B]: mixed	woman
-	[a]: none - (e) n or [b]: -e, -er, -s or -Ø or [c]: -e, -er or -Ø	strong	Goose, hand; Mother * according to [a] and [b], not according to [c]: camera; Mom, grandma *

Remarks:

* The classification takes place regardless of the ending -s , which can occur in the genitive singular, as in mother's birthday ( Saxon genitive ). and grandma’s clothes box.
Masculine and neuter with genitive singular -s and nominative plural -s (example: Akku) as well as feminine with genitive -Ø and plural -s (example: camera) belong after [a] (as with Hentschel & Weydt, Roeckel ) and [b ] (as with Pons: The great German grammar ) to the strong nouns, after [c] (as with Pons: Zweifelsfrei Deutsch Grammar and Pons: Perfect German ) they are not classified.
Feminine with genitive singular -Ø and nominative plural - (e) n belong to the weak nouns after [A] (so with Pons: Zweifelsfrei Deutsch Grammar , Pons: Perfect German and Pons: The great German grammar ), after [B] ( so with Hennings ) to the mixed.

This distinction between strong, weak and mixed declensions of nouns is not without controversy, especially with regard to the feminine.

Strong declensions are denoted in this article with S for English strong 'stark' and weak and mixed with W for weak 'weak'.

Principles

In general, the following principles apply to the declension of all nouns:

Feminines are usually immutable in the singular. Proper names and the words Mama, Mami, Mutti, Oma, Omi are excluded . In the latter words there genitive as the bag of Mama and Mama's pocket .
In the plural, nominative, genitive and accusative are always identical: the days, the days, the days.
In the case of feminine and neuter, in singular and plural, nominative and accusative are always identical.
The dative singular ending -e in some classes is rarely used today.
There are the following endings: - (e), - (e) n, - (e) r, - (e) s . With strong nouns, the dative plural and, with masculine and neuter, the genitive singular is most clearly recognizable.

The following applies to nouns whose root ends in unstressed -e, -el, -en, -er :

These nouns are never declined after S2, so they never have the ending -er .
All appended endings lose their "e", so the endings are: -, -n, -s .

Due to the small number of endings, the case of a noun can often only be determined by additional articles or other attributes (for example: the base, the base, the base, the base ).

Some words have several different plural forms, and some of these words have different meanings associated with the different plural forms.

Word : Words are vocabulary from a dictionary, words are a careful sequence of individual words (“he didn't make many words”, “the poet's words”).
Bank : Benches are seating, banks are financial institutions.

Affiliation and overview

A noun itself does not give any information about belonging to a class of inflection. In general, however, it can be stated that

Nouns with unstressed -e as well as most feminines are usually declined after W1 / W2;
Nouns on unstressed -en are usually declined after S5 / S6;
Nouns with unstressed -el, -er are usually declined after S5 / S6 if they are masculine / neutral, or after W2 if they are feminine;
Feminine can only be inflected after S3 or W2 (exceptions: mother and daughter after S5).

The declination classes can be summarized as

e-class , the plural ends in -e , umlaut for S1 / S3 / S5, no umlaut for S4 / S6
er class , the plural ends in -er , always with umlaut, class S2
en class , the plural ends in - (e) n , without umlaut, classes W1 / W2
Mixed class, W3 and W4

case	e class	e-class without "e"	he class	en class	en class without "e"
	Day (mask.)	Base (mask.)	House (neutr.)	Man (mask.)	Grape (fem.)
Nominative singular	the day	the base	the House	the human being	the grape
Genitive singular	of the day	of the base	of the House	of the human	the grape
Dative singular	the day (s)	the base	the house	man	the grape
Accusative singular	the day	the base	the House	the people	the grape
Nominative plural	the days	the socket	H ä user	the people	the grapes
Genitive plural	the day	the base	H ä user	the human	of grapes
Dative plural	the days	the pedestals	H ä usern	the people	the grapes
Accusative plural	the days	the socket	H ä user	the people	the grapes

Strong declination

Nominative and accusative are always identical.
The genitive singular masculine / neuter ends in - (e) s .
The dative singular masculine / neuter can end in -e .
In the plural, many nouns of all three genders have an umlaut (a> ä, aa> ä, au> äu, o> ö, u> ü). Umlauted double vowels are written in abbreviated form (e.g. hall - halls ). Nouns that do not have a, o, u as a stem vowel cannot be umlauted (e.g. Brett - Bretter ; the plural ending -er always has umlaut).

Historically speaking, strong declension classes are based on the ancient Germanic classes with a stem-forming theme vowel . A distinction was made between a-, i-, o- and u-strains . Only feminine belonged to the o-stems , only masculine and neuter belonged to the a-stems . Since the Middle High German period, all former u-stems have been treated like nouns from some other class.

Since all final vowels in Middle High German were weakened to a weak e , there is no longer any difference between these two classes - except for the umlaut in the plural. For example, in the singular day - day - days - day and guest - guest - guests - guest (the endings are the same), in the plural, but days - days compared to "G ä ste - G like most" (identical endings, but umlaut in guest ). Tag was an old a-stem (Gothic dative plural dagam , German: days), while Gast was an old i-stem (Gothic dative plural gastim , German: guests). So you have to learn the plural form with every noun, because it is no longer clear from the root of the word whether it was formerly an a- or an i-stem .

The formation according to the o-stems was lost in early New High German times, most of the nouns concerned are now weakly declined. The ending -er (with umlaut) appears for the first time in Old High German with a few sporadic neutrals to form the plural. It was later extended to a large part of all neuter and some masculine nouns.

The classes S1, S2 and S4 are reserved for the masculine and neuter, the class S3 for the feminine.

S1: Umlaut + e (m./n.)

Many masculine and some neuter belong to this class.

Scheme S1: - (e) s, -¨e
case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the tree	the B ä to e
Genitive	of the tree (s) s	the B ä to e
dative	the tree ( s )	the B ä to s
accusative	the tree	the B ä to e

Examples of masculine characters: Bach, Napf, Zahn, Hof ...
Example for Neutra: Raft ...

S2: Umlaut + er

In this class, all masculine and neuter forms are represented which have an umlaut in the plural and the ending morphem -er .

Scheme S2: - (e) s, -¨er
case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the forest	W ä ld he
Genitive	of the forest (e) s	W ä ld he
dative	the forest ( s )	the W ä ld ren
accusative	The forest	W ä ld he

Examples of masculine: mouth, rim, shrub, worm ...
Examples of neuter: office, leaf, hole, wood ...

S3: Umlaut + e (f.)

About 40 feminine nouns in non-compound form belong to this class .

Scheme S3: -, -¨e
case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the fruit	The Question ü cht e
Genitive	the fruit	the Fr ü cht e
dative	the fruit	the Fr ü cht en
accusative	the fruit	The Question ü cht e

Examples: fear, arrival, evasion, ax, bench (to sit on), bride, rut, heat, breast, fist, fruit, goose, swelling (f. (Also n.); Also with the plural form swelling), crypt, hand , Skin, gap, strength, cow, art, louse, air, lust, power, maid, mouse, night, seam, need, nut, sow (also with the plural form sows), gorge (also with the plural form gorges), cord , lap (women skirt; and with the plural shot), city, -instead of (for example, sleeping place;. with the plural form RESIDENTIAL LEISURE ), addiction, wall bead (f (also m)..), sausage, guild.

S4: -e (without umlaut)

The masculine and neuter of this class inflect like those from S1, but they have no umlaut in the plural.

Scheme S4: - (e) s, -e
case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the sheep	the sheep e
Genitive	of the sheep (s)	the sheep e
dative	the sheep (s)	the sheep s
accusative	the sheep	the sheep e

Examples of masculine characters: construction (cave, shelter), mountain, wick, fish, belt ...
Examples of neuter: bone, bread, camel, horse ...

This includes all nouns ending in -ment , e.g. B. Parchment, Testament

S5: umlaut without ending

This class mainly includes masculines ending in -el, -en, -er and two feminines ending in -er :

Scheme S5: -s, -¨
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the floor	the B ö the	the mother	M u tter
Genitive	of the soil s	the B ö the	mother	M u tter
dative	the floor	the B ö the	mother	M u tter n
accusative	the ground	the B ö the	the mother	M u tter

Note: Mother can also accept s in the genitive singular , for example on mother's birthday .

Examples of masculine characters: ground, bow, thread, harbor ...
Example for Neutra: Monastery ...

These include the family names, remnants of the Indo-European r-tribes:

Masculine: brother, father

Feminine: mother, daughter

Sister is weakly declined.

S6: unchanged plural

Mainly masculine and neuter on -el, -er belong to this class ; the only endings are -s in the genitive singular and -n in the dative plural.

Scheme S6: -s, -
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the hunter	the hunters	The victim	the victims
Genitive	of the hunter s	the hunter	of the victim s	the victim
dative	the hunter	the hunter n	the victim	the victim n
accusative	the hunter	the hunters	The victim	the victims

Examples of masculine characters: citizens, opponents, masters, articles, devils ...
Examples of neuter: window, fire, pack, sails ...

Almost all names of offenders belong here, as well as many names of peoples: baker, hunter, African, English, Australian ...

Weak and mixed declension

The weak classes developed from the ancient Germanic n -stems, i.e. nouns whose stem originally ended in -n- . This -n- can still be seen in the declination to this day. In Germanic a distinction was made between an -, in - and on - stems - as with the a -, i - and o - stems of the strong declension an - stems were reserved for masculine and neuter , on - stems reserved for feminine; The in -stems only include abstracts from adjectives (e.g. height, size, length ). The only difference to the strong classes here is that all umlaut-capable in -stems also have the umlaut in the singular.

The ending -en actually corresponds to the original root word, but all subsequent endings have been omitted. ( Take the Gothic declination series hraba - hrabins - hrabin - hraban - hrabans - hrabane - hrabam - hrabans as an example : the first form hraba corresponds to raven in New High German , all other forms appear simplified to ravens ).

W1: - (e) n (m./n.)

Scheme W1: - (e) n, - (e) n
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the bear	the bear s	the farmer	the peasant n
Genitive	the bear s	the bear en	of the farmer n	the farmer n
dative	the bear s	the bear s	the farmer n	the farmer n
accusative	the bear s	the bear s	the farmer n	the peasant n

This type of declination is called the N-declension in German grammar .
Nouns of this class are in the singular colloquially sometimes sharply declined in nouns on -e although there is usually not the case (colloquial examples: "the bear ↔ the raven, the bear ↔ The Raven", "the bear ↔ Raven") is.
Examples of masculine: bear, human, hero, gentleman (genitive: gentleman or seldom gentlemen , plural gentlemen ), prince, count, prince, tsar, welfare, gift, shepherd, mayor, sparrow, finch, peacock, griffin, leu, fool , Tor, idiot, dude, Mohr, colonel, subject, ancestor, ancestor, type, graph, tyrant, comrade, messenger, raven, lion, puppy ...

This subheading includes all denominations of affiliation with the following endings ( suffixes ):

-ad: nomad

-ale (m.): cannibals, rivals, vandals

-and: subject

-ant: demonstrator, elephant, giant, informant, client, musician, mutant, passer-by, protestant, sextant, satellite

-arch: anarch, monarch, oligarch

-at: autocrat, automaton, democrat, diplomat, castrato, magnate, pirate, prelate, primate (mammal), soldier

-ent: high school graduate, lecturer, client, competitor, counterparty, president, student

-et: exegete, comet, magnet, planet, prophet

-isk: obelisk

-is: anarchist, artist, Buddhist, Christian

-ik: Catholic

-it: Alewit, Hermit, Yemeni, Shiite, Sunni, Wahhabit

-one: Mormon, Ottone

-ot: Chaot, idiot

-and: vagabond

-ut: Recruit

-aut: astronaut , cosmonaut , argonaut

-eut: therapist , pharmacist

Further all designations on -graph / -graf , -loge , -nom and -soph :

Biographer , digraph , geographer , photographer / photographer

Astrologer, biologist, geologist, neurologist, philologist, psychologist

Astronomer, economist, taxonomist

Philosopher, theosophist

A large part of the names for people belonging to the people with the ending -e also belong here :

Afghan, Apache, British, Chinese, Burmese, Dane, Estonian, Finn ...

W2: - (e) n (f.)

Most feminines belong in this class. The short ending -n can come after the stem-ending -l- or -r- and after a vowel. With stems ending in -in (n) - the second -n- appears only in the plural in today's spelling. Particularly original o and on strains are in this class.

Scheme W2: -, - (e) n
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	forehead	brow s	the pear	the pear n
Genitive	the forehead	forehead s	the pear	the pear n
dative	the forehead	the front en	the pear	the pear n
accusative	forehead	brow s	the pear	the pear n

Examples of feminine:

Axis, acacia, avenue, ant ...

Bunting, aster, leaves, magpie, flounder ...

Type, bay, drive, corridor (usable land area), woman, ford, mudslide, look, layer, ravine, forehead, deed, clock, shipyard ...

This subheading includes most tree names, fruit names, many animal and flower names and names for musical instruments, as well as all words with the following suffixes :

-ade: carbonade, lemonade, jam, masquerade, parade, castling, chocolate

- eel: fountain, moraine, moray eel

-ete: machete, rocket

-ette: cassette, clarinet, cuff, puppet, tweezers, pipette, rosette, silhouette

-euse: chauffeuse, hairdresser

-ie: allergy, embolism

-in (obsolete also -inn), plural -i nn s: princess, bitch, journalist, teacher, princess, seamstress

-ine: sinkhole, curtain, canteen, cousine, avalanche, machine, praline, raisin, saline, slavine, turbine

-ode: fashion, period

-ole: console, password

-osis: diagnosis, neurosis, psychosis, thrombosis, tuberculosis, cirrhosis

-ure: allure, brochure, reading, manicure

Furthermore, all abstractions that end on -heit, -keit, -ion, -ung belong here.

W3: 1st mixed class, genitive - (e) s

The singular of this mixed class inflects strongly (genitive on - (e) s ), the plural weakly.

Scheme W3: - (e) s, - (e) n
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the eye	the eyes n	the ear	ear s
Genitive	of the eye s	the eye n	of the ear (s)	ear s
dative	the eye	the eye n	the ear (s)	ear s
accusative	the eye	the eyes n	the ear	ear s

Examples of masculine words : pain, state , nouns ending in -tor (author, prospector, ...)
Examples of neuter: eye, ear, shirt, bed, verb ...

Bau (building) with the irregular plural `` Bauuten '' also belongs to this class .

W4: 2nd mixed class, genitive -ens

In this mixed class, weak and strong genitive endings are combined, the other cases go to W1. Most (masculine) nouns in this class have a variant on -en in the nominative singular in addition to a form ending in -e , e.g. B. the seed and the seed .

Scheme W4: - (e) ns, - (e) n
case	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	the name	the name n	the heart	heart s
Genitive	of the name ns	the name n	Heart ens	heart s
dative	the name n	the name n	the heart (s)	the heart s
accusative	the name n	the name n	the heart	heart s

Examples of masculine: letter, name, seed, peace, spark, belief (s), will, thought, heap (s)
Example of neuter: heart

Abbreviations and foreign words

Abbreviations can have -s in the plural , masculine and neuter can also have this ending in the genitive singular: the IM, the IM [s], the IM [s]; the pc, the pc [s], the pc [s]; the CD, the CD, the CDs . The other cases are unchangeable.

Foreign words are hardly subject to fixed rules. Often they are declined just like German words by placing them in a class (this is especially true for loan words, for example army - armies, Karzer - Karzer ... ).

Otherwise the following usually applies:

The genitive singular masculine / neuter has the ending -s (after s, x, z it is usually omitted).
The dative and accusative singular have no ending.
Feminines are usually immutable in the singular.
The ending for all cases of the plural is often irregular, the dative plural remains unchanged in these cases.
Foreign words that end in a vowel (except for a short e ) and are younger or come from French or English usually have -s in all plural forms : cameras, offices, cafes, casinos, hummingbirds, taxis . Exceptions: pizzas (also pizzas and pizzas ), risks (including risk ). The genitive is: the camera, the cafe, the office, the hummingbird, the casino, the taxi, the pizza , etc.
Foreign words are partially classified in a German class. The facade (Pl. Facades) and the Box (Pl. Boxes) have been classified in the weak class, while computers and scanners are declined like teachers . In the case of other foreign words, the foreign plural ( e.g. debuts, fans, joysticks, hits, kids ) is retained.

For foreign words from Latin and Greek, but also from Romance languages, the following applies:

Many foreign words are completely Germanized: helicopter - the helicopter, photographer - the photographer ...
Foreign words that received their old rectus ending were sometimes given the German plural endings: center - centers, museum - museums, magma - magmas, globe - globes, virus - viruses, stimulant - stimulants ... , the genitive is simply des Center, the museum, the magma, the globe or the globe, the virus, the stimulant .
Others, however, have even received their old plural ending: the internship - the internship - the internship, the supernova - the supernova - the supernovae, the term - the term - the terms, the lexicon - the lexicon - the lexica, the genus - the gender - the genera, the tense - the tense - the tenses, the case - the case - the case, the numerale - the numeral - the numeralia or the numeralia .
A common Greek plural type for neuter consists of the ending -ta / te : the climate - the climates, the stigma - the stigmata, the comma - the commas ...
Further remnants of old plural forms with Germanized subsidiary forms are the lexicon - the lexicon - the lexicons / lexicons, the atlas - the atlas / atlas - the atlases / atlases, the visa - the visa - the visas / visas ...

Foreign words from other languages have partly been completely Germanized (e.g. the typhoon - the typhoon - the typhoons ), others (less common ones) have retained their original plural form (e.g. the ksar - the ksars - the ksur , what is meant is one rectangular Berber settlement).

Proper names

Proper names usually have no plural, the only changed case is then the genitive singular: Moscow - Moscow, Mississippi - Mississippi, Mount Everest - Mount Everest ...

Personal names are often put before or after the noun in the genitive without an article ( Peters Ziegen , die Sorge Uriels ) - personal names of all genders get the ending -s - if this would not be audible due to a preceding sibilant (s, ß, x, z), is replaced by an apostrophe: Peters, Veronikas, Hans', Max ', Fritz'. Instead of the apostrophe there is sometimes the ending -ens : Fritzens .

Sometimes a plural also has to be formed. There are actually no fixed rules at all. You can do this as follows:

There is no ending for names in an unstressed -er : all Peter in the world .
In the case of names with a sibilant, the ending -e can be used with umlaut: all Mäxe / Hänse in the world .
Often there is the plural ending -s : all Veronikas / Uriels / ... in the world .

Different rules sometimes apply to names from Latin:

Petrus , genitive Petri
Jesus , genitive / dative / vocative Jesu , accusative Jesum
Maria sometimes has the old genitive Mariä (next to Marias and Mariens ). This form is also common as an ancient dative (the accusative Mariam is no longer in use).

In names of companies or organizations and titles of works, there is a certain tendency to give up the declination by sometimes the nominative for all cases occurs (Gen .: operating the German train instead: operation of the German n train , Dat .: in Schiller robbers instead: in Schiller's robbers ). This is rejected by language teaching.

Personal pronouns

Inflection of the personal pronouns

The declension of personal pronouns is fundamentally different from that of all other nouns, if only because many pronouns have different stems (for example I ↔ me , we ↔ us )

This state has been present since Indo-European times, compare:

German I , Gothic ik , ancient Indian ahám opposite German me , Gothic mik , Latin mē , ancient Greek emé , me ;
German we , Gothic weis , Hittite u̯ēš versus German us , Gothic us , Hittite ang- .

In the 3rd person there are different stems:

the pronominal stem i- is based on German he / him / him ~ es , Gothic is / imma / ina ~ ita , Latin is / ei / eum 'this, he' ~ id 'this, it';
the demonstrative stem ḱi- (continued in her , here and there ) occurs in Dutch hij / hem ~ het , English he / him , Scandinavian han / ham .

The personal pronoun enk in the acc. Plural, which occurs in some Bavarian dialects , comes from the original dual form * inke of the 2nd person, compare Old Saxon ink and Old English inc . German no longer knows any other dual forms.

A reflexive personal pronoun only exists in the dative and accusative (itself) . In the genitive, the pronoun of the 3rd person jumps in (his / her) .
The genitive of the personal pronoun is rarely used today. Basically, it only appears as an object after verbs that require the genitive ( remembers me, have mercy on us, remember them ... ; the obsolete forms my, yours , for example don't forget mine ) are also used here.

The possessive pronouns indicate possession (see below).

	Singular					Plural			reflexive
case	1st person	2nd person	3rd person			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	3rd person
Nominative	I	you	he	she	it	we	her	she
Genitive	My mine)	your (your)	his (his)	of their	his (his)	our (our)	your (yours)	of their
dative	me	to you	him	her	him	us	to you	them	themselves
accusative	me	you	him	she	it	us	to you	she	themselves

In the genitive, the shorter form is common for the plural, the longer form for the singular and the contraction with due . When contracting, the final -er is converted into -et (on my account, on account of you, on account of him, on account of you, on account of us, on account of you, because of you).

Personal pronouns as part of the noun phrase

In individual cases, personal pronouns can be followed by adjectives:

After me , you and you adjectives are strongly inflected ( I poor-it chicken; you love-er God; you crazy-er; you wild-es kaleidoscope ) in the dative also weakly inflected ( with me poor-er / poor-en woman ; with you lazy-em / lazy-guy ).
After you and us , adjectives are usually weak in the nominative ( you hard-working [less often: hard-working ] readers; you two [seitener:] both ), in the other case, however, they are strongly inflected ( for you hard-working readers; for you Hardworking ).

Case and gender

Use of the case

The nominative

The nominative (who-case) stands as the subject of the sentence; it also takes on the form of the vocative: the cat jumps on the table, the snow falls, he gives him the shoe ; come, dear cat, come !, (oh) man !, you idiot! . It is usually at the beginning of a sentence, often after the finite predicate, an adverb or an object.

Adjectives and nouns in the nominative, together with the auxiliary verb sein, can form the intransitive predicate: he is great, she is his secretary, many people are Protestants, they will soon be unemployed .

The genitive

The genitive is used relatively rarely in colloquial language and dialects , it is most often used in high-level language.

The range of functions of the genitive is the greatest of all four cases:

Formation of the possessive: the trader's book, Ursula's house

Affiliation: the door of the house, the leaves of the trees

Genitive object in certain verbs: they expelled him from the country, he was accused of this crime

It comes after the prepositions because of, whether, within, during, despite, thanks, force, means, for the purpose, because of, within, in the course ... and for the sake of the post : because of the rain, whether these circumstances, for the sake of harmony, for the purpose of drastic wage cuts , despite the protests over what happened, within one day, over three years

It can be used together with certain adjectives: Mastery of the German language , in older linguistic usage it can be used predicatively: it is good things .

It functions (to a limited extent ) as a genitivus absolutus , i.e. to describe an accompanying circumstance (actual or figurative) without grammatical dependence on the rest of the sentence: he left the office with his head held high , standing on his feet (loan translation from Latin), today (from * "today ") etc.

In the first three cases, the noun declined in the genitive comes after the reference word.

The preposition because of the reference word can also be added: because of the rain . In personal pronouns the dative is used; this is the only option if the personal pronoun is expanded ( because of you two ); However, if the personal pronoun is used alone, the compound words are for my sake, for your sake, for his sake, for us, for your sake, theirs possible and then only permitted in high-level language (in colloquial language also here with dative, because of me , etc.) In some dialects can also the genitive stand (so in Bavarian because of mine , even if this has almost completely lost the genitive elsewhere because of ).

The genitive is often paraphrased by the preposition of + dative . This is done in partitive use: none of us . Stands before nouns in partitive the preposition of : three workers from this factory . Before plural words without an article and accompanying adjective (which would otherwise be unmarked), the von-paraphrase is also permitted and binding in the high-level language: a period of hours , but a period of several hours .

Colloquially , the functions mentioned are described as follows:

Possessive: the book from the dealer / the dealer his book, the house of (the) Ursula / Ursula her house .
One uses the preposition of + dative or the Rhenish genitive.
Possessive pronouns are still widely used.

Affiliation: the door of the house, the leaves from the trees / the trees their leaves

In some verbs, the genitive object is given an accusative object (out of date, still elevated today: forgotten someone , besides forgetting someone ), in others through a participle construction (older or elevated: remember someone , younger: remember someone ; older or elevated: accuse someone of a matter , younger accuse someone of a matter ), otherwise it has to be paraphrased: they expelled him from the country, he was blamed for the crime .
The prepositions because of and despite (as well as within ) often have the dative case - depending on the region - colloquially : because of the rain, despite the protests . For other prepositions, the construction of which is partly still clearly recognizable ( due to, instead of, in the course , but also: within ), stands from : due to the events, within one day, within three years .
The genitive with certain adjectives or in a predicative position only exists in some phrases anyway, so that these are still used in everyday language . The adverbial genitive is replaced by prepositions: he left the office with his head held high .

The dativ

The dative is mainly an indirect object: I can see that from you, it gives it the shoe . In addition, he often stands with subjective impressions: I'm too cold, the book is too complicated for him .

The dative case comes after the following prepositions:

with, from, from, at, after, from, before, to, within

It also comes after the following prepositions to indicate the place:

on, in, on, under, over, in front of, behind, at, next to

as well as before the post positions

ahead, ahead

The accusative

The accusative (the forms of which are often not different from those of the nominative) is used as a direct object in transitive verbs: I see you, he gives him the shoe .

The accusative comes after the following prepositions:

for, without, through, against, around, up

In addition, it comes after the prepositions an, in, on, under, over, in front of, behind, through and next to indicate the direction or the movement and in front of the post position along.

Uncertainties

In some cases, even with German native speakers, there is often uncertainty as to which case should be used correctly. This concerns among other things:

Appositions

In appositions there is case congruence if the apposition:

contains an article ( Oskar Roehler, the son of Gisela Elsner, is a well-known film director. Oskar Roehler, the son of Gisela Elsner, was awarded the German Film Prize. The organizers of the Berlinale invited Oskar Roehler, the son of Gisela Elsner. )
contains a demonstrative or possessive pronoun ( The designer prefers to work with cashmere, this versatile material. Erika went on the trip with Klaus, her brother. )
a calendar date contains ( The Potsdam conference began on Tuesday the 17 July 1945. The premiere will take Saturday [= adverbial accusative] , the February 3rd in Munich. )

The disregard of the prescribed case congruence is particularly common:

after prepositions that rule the genitive or accusative ( a gift for Bruno, the [ wrong dative: the] brother of Maria. Because of a cold, this annoying ailment [ wrong: this annoying ailment] .)
for accusative objects ( careful notes and a register open up the rich and well-illustrated volume, an [ wrong dative: an] important contribution about Thoma and his time. )
with possessive attributes ( the cinema shows a film by Oskar Roehler, the son [ wrong dative: the son] by Gisela Elsner. )
if the apposition is preceded by a dative noun with the preposition of ( The accident of Toni Kalderer, an experienced skier [ wrong: an experienced skier], was a general surprise. )

Case deviations are possible or even compulsory for appositions if the apposition:

no article word, but contains an adjective or a substantiated adjective (case congruence or nominative: the delegation met with Dan Meridor, Deputy Prime Minister of Israel. Alexander VII welcomed Claude de Mesmes, envoy / envoy of the French king. )
Contains neither an article nor an adjective (nominative only: The late work of the multiple award-winning Philip Roth, writer in New York. The first work of the former scholarship holder, Lutz Seiler . )

Rankings

Case deviations are also possible in the case of rows. Example:

Additions with calendar date, if these are not interpreted as apposition but as a sequence ( This takes place on Saturday [= adverbial accusative] , February 3rd, in Munich ). It is disputed whether such rankings are to be understood as correct.

Elliptical parentheses

A distinction must be made between appositions and elliptical parentheses : shortened inserted sentences. Case deviations are possible here. Examples:

Affiliations with everything , everyone (nominative: The Pléiade consisted of Ronsard, Du Bellay, Dorat, Belleau, de Baïf, de Tyard and Jodelle, all men . )

Additions at the beginning of the sentence that can be understood as shortened participle phrases (omitting being ) (nominative: a welcome guest in numerous families , he was entrusted with this task. )

Gender

German nouns, adjectives and pronouns occur in three genera (gender): masculine (male), feminine (female) or neutral (neuter). The natural gender ( girl is a female person, table is an object) mostly does not match the grammatical gender, especially in inanimate things ( the girl (neutral), the table (masculine)).

Basically:

Nouns on -ei, -schaft, -heit, -keit, -ung, - (t / s / x) ion, - (i) ity, as well as -öse (French -euse), -iere (French - ière) are feminine
Nouns on -tum, -lein, -chen are neutral (although there are exceptions, for example: the error , the wealth )

Article words and adjectives

Article words and adjectives have special inflection endings in common in German, which are often fundamentally different from those of nouns.

What are article words?

The traditional grammar, which emerged from the description of Latin, with its separation of articles , pronouns , adjectives and number words as different parts of speech, is not very effective for an adequate description of the inflection in German. In the current edition of the Duden grammar, they are replaced by the distinction between article words ( determinatives ) and adjectives.

Article words: overview
Word class		Examples
Modern designation	Term in traditional grammar	Examples
Definite article	Definite article	that, that, that
Indefinite article	Indefinite article	an
Possessive article words	possessive pronouns	my book
Demonstrative article words	Demonstrative pronouns	the book, this book, that book, that book, the same book
Relative article words	relative pronoun	she would like to have his hair colored, with which intention he does not agree (rarely)
Interrogative article words	Interrogative pronouns	which book? Which book?
Indefinite article words	Indefinite pronouns	someone new, a little butter ; also: nobody, nothing, (any-) something, (any-) what, (any-) who, enough, all, everyone, all, both, some, some, some, (any) which, such, any, none, all sorts, such, such, three, a little, a few

Special features of the inflection of article words and adjectives

Adjectives and article words can be used as adjectives and nouns:

Adjectively, they come before a noun in the order article / pronoun / possessive pronoun + adjective + noun : "the house, this house, big houses, this big house, all these big houses, these many big houses". The adjectives are separated from each other in lists by commas: he doesn't like blue, red or green houses . Possessive pronouns are usually used without additional pronouns, they are seldom defined by the pronoun this : this my house .
In nouns, adjectives and article words represent a noun: the house - it is big, the houses - they are big; I like this one, I don't like that over there; she likes red cars, but not green ones .
the replaced colloquially the substantive pronoun this , that and there : this is great, because not .
Noun adjectives and pronouns in the singular neuter also refer to several things, with people the plural is used: Big (neuter singular) is expected by powerful (plural) = big things are expected by powerful people.

Noun adjectives and article words cannot form a genitive in some cases. In the attributive position it can be circumscribed by von + dative : the money of the rich , in the prepositions because of and despite the genitive: because of many, despite so less . In southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, the dative is generally used instead of the genitive. The dative is the older form, but is used less often today.

Phrase inflection

In German, in the majority of cases, not single words but entire noun phrases are declined. The basis of word group inflection is the rule of congruence : In noun phrases, article words and adjectives match the noun in gender, number and case ( a hot coffee ).

Article words, adjectives and nouns are the characteristics of the noun phrase: they contain information about gender, number and case. Each noun phrase contains a main feature carrier ; the other elements are secondary feature carriers . The main feature carrier (highlighted here) is the leftmost element that has an ending:

soft blue fabric
a / no / my soft blue fabric
the-er / this-er soft-e blue-e fabric
because d-es soft blue-en-en fabric it
wonderfully soft blue fabric
with wonderfully soft blue fabric (-e)
with precious-em soft-en blue-en fabric (s)
under -m green tree; i -m White House; to -r old mill

Substantiated adjectives are either main or secondary characteristics:

a dry red-er
every-er dry-e red-e

Whether a word receives an ending (possibly also: and what kind of ending) depends on whether it is a main or secondary feature:

Part of speech	Main features carrier	Secondary feature carrier
Article words	strong ending many a good note	no ending some good advice
Adjectives	strong ending a bad* cough*	weak ending the bad* cough*

Adjectives and ordinalia

Whether and how the adjective is declined depends on its usage: Ordinalia behave grammatically like other adjectives.

Declined vs. non-declined use of adjectives

declination	No declination
The adjective is declined when it is used as an attribute and in relation to a noun ("adsubstantive"). The adjective is either before or after the noun: A prefix is the normal case for attributive adjectives ( small causes can have big effects ). In addition, inflected forms can also follow the noun as an addendum ( Gods give everything, the infinite, / your darlings completely, / all joys, the infinite, / all pains, the infinite, completely. [Goethe]).	The adjective is not declined when it is used adverbially ( it runs quickly ) or predicatively ( the delusion is short, the reu is long. [Schiller]). Also not declined are: certain color adjectives, mostly derived from nouns ( orange, lavender, pink, beige, rosé ) Full vowel adjectives ( prima, mini, hetero, tabu, sexy ) Derived adjectives on -er ( the towers of Bremen Cathedral; two-way relationship; in the eighties ) as the first part in compound words: Neuruppin, former chancellor, old building, new building, grandfather, greenfinch, young entrepreneur, Red Cross sister ; in certain multipart words (such as compositions): kölnisch Wasser, Schwäbisch Gmünd , preceding adjectives in certain fixed combinations (before proper names: throughout England ; personal names : Jung Siegfried ; in numbering systems for sections and chapters: continue with A [read: capital A] ; occasionally: bath with warm water ) trailing adjectives: in narrow (often: idiomatic) supplements ( my husband blessed, thousand euros cash, with Max Schulze jun. [= junior] ; product names : Forelle blau, Henkell dry ; press and advertising language: brutal football, pure luxury ; technical language: round needle files according to DIN 8342 ; folk song: little little boy ; poetic language of the 18th / 19th century: with a landlord miraculously mild [Uhland], I poor maiden tender, / Oh if I had taken / King Thrushbeard! ) in loose supplements or appositions (in relative sentence fragments: the secretary, tired and exhausted, put her feet on the desk ; in technical texts: order me another 200 screws, galvanized )

Declination for two or more adjectives

When two or more adjectives used attributively follow one another, they are all declined according to the noun:

when ranked ( Max has white, blue and gray shirts )
with obedience ( Max prefers to wear his old blue shirt )

Declination of noun compounds

In noun compounds , adjectives used as attributes are always declined according to the whole connection ( a stone bridge pillar ). This also applies in the relatively rare cases in which the adjective does not refer to the last but to the first part of the compound ( the secret right to vote ; proper names: the St. Johann Church, the Teutoburg Forest Railway ).

Rules for the formation of the declination forms

Attributive adjectives are based on the noun to which they refer in case, number and gender. Gender differences exist only in the singular.

The article words have a decisive influence on the declension forms . Each adjective can be inflected strongly and weakly. If the adjective is preceded by an article word with an inflection ending, the adjective is weakly inflected, otherwise strong.

weak declination (after article word with inflection ending): this he blue e hat
strong declination (without precedence of an article with the word diffraction broadcast): blue He Hat; blue he nail polish

In the case of article words that have partly endless, partly inflected forms (a, no, mine, etc.), the following adjectives are partly strongly and partly weakly inflected. See below for details .

Strong flexion and weak flexion
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	cold he coffee d he cold e coffee	cold it water as s cold e water	cold s milk di e cold s milk	cold e drinks di e cold en drinks
Genitive	due to cold en coffee despite d it cold en coffee	because cold s water despite d it cold s water	because cold he milk despite d he cold s milk	because cold he drinks despite d he cold en drinks
dative	with cold- em coffee with d em cold s Coffee	with cold em water with d em cold en Water	with cold he milk with d he cold s milk	with cold en beverages with d s cold en beverages
accusative	for cold en coffee for d en cold en Coffee	for cold there water for da s cold e water	for cold- e milk for di e cold s milk	for cold- e drinks for di e cold en drinks

The strong declension of adjectives coincides largely with the declination of the pronouns, in particular that of the Demonstrationspronomen this . There are only deviations in the genitive singular masculine ( cold en coffee - this is coffee ) and in the genitive singular neuter ( cold en water - this is water ).

The weak declination of adjectives has only two endings: -e and -en . The ending -en is used in all plural forms, in all dative and genitive forms as well as in the singular of the masculine in the accusative.

Deviations from the basic rules

In some cases there are deviations from the basic rules for choosing adjective inflection:

After heavily inflected article words such as B. some who specify an indefinite amount but not a totality, the following adjectives are declined either weakly (as usual after article words) or strongly (as after number adjectives):
- "She has some good reasons."
- "He has some good material."
- "The family owns a lot of expensive porcelain."

After adjectives that are all close to demonstrative article words and the indefinite , the following adjectives tend to be weakly inflected (as after strong article words):
- "The table contains the following new goods."
- "Sports fans know the names of all new / new players."

In some fixed phrases, proverbs and quotations, the possible endinglessness in Middle High German or Early New High German (instead of - es ) in the nominative and accusative neuter singular with strong inflection has been preserved:
- "Our daily bread", "dry bread"
- "Hot water", "warm water", "running water"
- "another time"
- "On good luck"
- "For dear money"
- "Good things take time" ( proverb )
- " No beautiful country " [comparative] (folk song)
- “A nasty song! Pooh! A political song! "(Quote from Goethe's Faust I , scene in Auerbach's cellar )
- "All things are poison" (quote from Paracelsus )

Adjectives on -el, -er, -en

For adjectives that end in -el, -er or -en, when they are combined with a vowel-ending suffix, an unstressed e is sometimes used ( e- deletion):

dunk e l → a dark forest; illustration e r → an illustrious society; zerbroch e n → a zerbroch (e) ner pitcher (see details in the article contraction )

Irregularly declined adjective

The only adjective in German that is declined irregularly is high . The non-suffixed form high is contrasted with the forms high , high , high , etc., followed by a vowel-like suffix . Only in the superlative, where the suffix starts with a consonant ( -st ), does the basic form ( highest ) appear.

Inflection of compared adjectives

Compared adjectives are inflected in the same way as not compared:

the small-e / small-e / smallest-e dog
for the small / small / smallest dog
despite the small / small / smallest dog
with the small / small / smallest dog

Article words, article-like words, and pronouns

Overview

When it comes to article words, a distinction is made between endless and those that have an ending.

Article words have a huge impact on how a subsequent adjective is inflected. Here are some selected examples:

Inflection of adjectives after different article words
Article word	Nominative			Genitive
Article word	Masculine	neuter	Plural	Masculine singular
of the	d it cold e coffee	da s cold e water	di e cold en drinks	despite d it cold en coffee
this	this he cold- e Coffee	this is cold e water	This e cold en drinks	Despite this it (controversial: this s ) cold en coffee
Alles	all he cold- e Coffee	all of it cold e water	all e cold en drinks	despite all en cold en coffee
each	jed it important e note a jed it important he / important e Note	jed it important e keyword a jed it important it / important e Keyword	-	Despite jed s (also: jed it ) is important s note despite a it jed s important s reference
a	a cold he Coffee	a cold it water	-	because a it cold en coffee
the following	Following it important he / important e Note	following it important it / important e keyword	Following e important e / important en details	despite following en important en (= important en ) reference
such	such he cold he / cold e Coffee	such it cold there / cold e water	such e cold e / cold en drinks	despite such en cold en (= cold en ) coffees
some	many it important e Note	many it important e Keyword	many e important e / important en details	Despite some s important s reference
lots	much he cold he coffee	much it cold it / cold e water	much e cold e drinks	Despite much en cold en (= cold en ) coffees
all	all he cold he / cold e Coffee	all it cold it / cold e water	all e (rare: cold e ) cold en drinks	Despite all en cold en (= cold en ) coffees
other	other he cold he coffee	other it cold it water	other e cold e drinks	Despite the other en cold en (= cold en ) coffees
something	something cold he Coffee	something cold it water	-	Despite some cold en coffee
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion, bold = irregular cases

Inflected article words

Inflected article words with weakly inflected adjective

Definite article; these , those

Inflection of the definite article and of *this*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	d he cold- e coffee so he cold- e Coffee	there s cold e water so it cold e water	di e cold s milk this e cold s milk	di e cold en drinks this e cold en drinks
Genitive	d despite it cold en coffee despite this it (controversial: this s ) * cold en coffee	d despite it cold en water in spite of this it (controversial: this s ) * cold en water	despite d he cold s milk despite this he cold s milk	despite d he cold en drinks despite this he cold en drinks
dative	d em cold en coffee with this em cold s Coffee	d em cold en water with this em cold en Water	d he cold s milk with this he cold s milk	d s cold en beverages with this en cold en beverages
accusative	for d s cold en Coffee for it s cold s Coffee	for there s cold e water for this it cold e water	for di e cold e milk for this e cold s milk	for di e cold en drinks for this e cold en drinks
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion, bold = irregular cases

* In the case of these , the form with -es is correct in the genitive masculine and neuter . In addition, -en is also increasingly being used .

The word that is inflected according to the same pattern as this .

Alles

The word all has two uses:

unselfish use ( all this / our wasted effort )
inflected use ( all in vain effort )

When used inflected, all forms have endings. The following adjectives are always weakly inflected:

Inflection of the word *all*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	all he cold- e Coffee	all of it cold e water	all e cold s milk	all e cold en drinks
Genitive	despite all en cold en coffee	despite all en cold s water	despite all he cold s milk	despite all he cold en drinks
dative	with all of em cold s Coffee	with all of em cold s water	with all he cold s milk	with all en cold en drinks
accusative	for all s cold s Coffee	for all it cold e water	for all e cold s milk	for all e cold en drinks
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Each

The word each has only singular forms.

In the case of the genitive masculine and genitive neuter, the ending -es is increasingly used in subsequent adjectives . The - conservative - use of the ending -en is only permitted if the following noun has a genitive- s ( the duty of every student; the duty of every student; the duty of every student; ~~the duty of every student~~ ).

The word Any can be preceded by an indefinite article . In cases where this is endless, the following adjective can be inflected either strongly or weakly:

Inflection of the word *everyone*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine
Nominative	jed it important e note a jed it important he / important e Note	jed it important e keyword a jed it important it / important e Keyword	jed s important e note an e jed s important e Note
Genitive	Despite jed s (also: jed it ) is important s note despite a it jed s important s reference	Despite jed s (also: jed it ) important en keyword despite a it jed s important s keyword	Despite jed it important s note despite a he jed s important s Note
dative	with jed em important s Note with a em jed s important s Note	with jed em important en keyword with an em jed s important s Keyword	with jed it important s Note with a he jed s important s Note
accusative	for jed s important en Notice for en jed s important s Note	for jed it important e keyword for a jed it important it / important e Keyword	for jed s important e Note for jed s important e Note
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion, bold = irregular cases

Both

The word both has only plural forms. If it is the bearer of the main features, it is strongly flexed, otherwise weakly. The following adjectives are always weakly inflected.

Inflection of the word *both*
case	Plural
Nominative	beid e cold en drinks this e beid s cold en drinks
Genitive	Despite beid he cold en drinks despite this he beid s cold en drinks
dative	with beid s cold en drinks with this s beid s cold en drinks
accusative	for beid e cold en drinks for this e beid s cold en drinks
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Inflected article words with inconsistently inflected adjective

Paradigm one

This type includes the words one and no and the possessive article words ( my, your, his, her, our ). What these have in common is that in some cases they do not have an ending in attributive use. The lack of suffixes of the article word forces a strong inflection of the adjective in these cases; in all other cases the adjective is weakly inflected.

Inflection of the possessive article word *mein*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	my cold he Coffee	My cold is water	my e cold s milk	my e cold en drinks
Genitive	because my it cold en coffee	because my it cold s water	because my he cold s milk	because my he cold en drinks
dative	with my em cold s Coffee	with my em cold s water	with my he cold s milk	with my s cold en drinks
accusative	for my s cold s Coffee	for my cold it water	for my e cold s milk	for my e cold en drinks
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Since noun phrases in German always have to contain a main feature carrier, endings also appear in the otherwise endingless forms when used as a predicative:

attributive: Mia is reading a book.
Predicative: Vera also reads one (s).

The possessive article words our and your can have contracted forms before an ending:

with our / our / our partners (details in the article contraction )

Paradigm following

The demonstrative adjective following is strongly inflected if it is a main feature carrier; subsequent adjectives can be strongly or weakly inflected. If it has the following secondary characteristics, it is weakly inflected, together with any subsequent adjectives:

Inflection of the word *following*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	Following it important he / important e Note this he following e important e Note	Following it important it / important e keyword this it follows e important e Keyword	Following e important e (= important e ) Note this e following e important e Note	Following e important e / important s details this e following s important s details
Genitive	Despite following s important s (= important en ) indication , despite this it follows s important s reference	Despite following s important s (= important s ) keyword despite this it follows s important s keyword	Despite following it important he / important s note despite this he following s important s Note	Despite following it important he / important s Details despite this he following s important s details
dative	Following with em essential em / important s Note with this em Following s important s Note	Following with em essential em / important en keyword with this em Following s important s Keyword	with following it important he / important en note with this he following s important s Note	with the following en important en (= important en ) details with this en following en important en details
accusative	for following s important s (= important en ) Note for this s follows s important s Note	for following it important it / important e Keywords for this it following e important e Keyword	for the following e important e (= important e ) note for this e following e important e note	for following e important e / important en details for this e following s important s details
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Articleless demonstrative adjectives such as B. above, the former, the latter, said, questionable, same are inflected according to the same pattern.

The words which , something and any are inflected according to the same pattern, but never appear with a preceding article word ( what-he cold-e / cold-he coffee; ~~this which cold coffee~~ ).

Such

Adjectives that follow an inflected form of such are optionally strongly or weakly inflected. If the inflected such the indefinite article a precedes, is an adjective that follows, parallel to those inflected:

Inflection of the word *such*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	such he cold he / cold e coffee one such he cold he Coffee	such it cold there / cold e water a such it cold there water	such e cold e (= cold e ) of milk a e such e cold s milk	such e cold e / cold en drinks -
Genitive	despite such en cold en (= cold en ) coffee despite a it such en cold en coffee	despite such en cold en (= cold en ) water despite a it such en cold en water	despite such he cold he / cold s milk despite one he such s cold s milk	despite such he cold he / cold en drinks -
dative	with such em cold em / cold s Coffee with an em such s cold s Coffee	with such em cold em / cold s water with a em such s cold s water	with such he cold he / cold s milk with one he such s cold s milk	with such s cold s (= cold s ) beverages -
accusative	for such s cold s (= cold en ) coffee for a s such s cold s Coffee	for such it cold there / cold e water for a such it cold there water	for such e cold e (= cold e ) milk for e such e cold s milk	for such e cold e / cold en drinks -
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Just like that , and some can such well endingless and uninflected ( such a good book ; see below ).

Some

If the word some an adjective follows, this is weak in the singular, and optionally inflected strong or weak in the plural:

Inflection of the word *some*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	many it important e Note	many it important e Keyword	many e important e Note	many e important e / important en details
Genitive	Despite some s important s reference	Despite some s important s keyword	Despite some it important s Note	Despite some it important he / important en details
dative	with some em important en Notice	with some em important en Keyword	with some it important s Note	with some s (important en =) important en details
accusative	for some s important s Note	for some it important e Keyword	for some s important e Note	for some s important e / important en details
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion, bold = irregular cases

The word some is also used endlessly (see below ).

Lots

If the word many is followed by an adjective, it is strongly inflected. In the neuter it is also often weakly inflected:

Inflection of the word a *lot*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	much he cold he coffee this he much e cold e coffee	much it cold there / cold e water so it much e cold e water	much e cold s milk this e lot e cold s milk	much e cold e drinks this e much s cold en drinks
Genitive	much he cold he coffee despite this it much s cold en coffee	Despite much s cold s (= cold s ) water despite this it much s cold s water	Despite much he cold he milk despite this he much s cold s milk	Despite much he cold , he drinks despite this he much s cold en drinks
dative	with a lot of em cold em coffee with this em much s cold s Coffee	with a lot of em cold em / cold s water with this em much s cold s water	with a lot of it cold it milk with this he much s cold s milk	with plenty of s cold en drinks with this s much s cold en drinks
accusative	for much s cold en Coffee for this s much s cold s Coffee	for much of it cold there / cold e water for this it much e cold e water	for much e cold e milk for this e lot e cold s milk	for much e cold e drinks for this e much s cold en drinks
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion, bold = irregular cases

The word many is also used endlessly (see below ).

All

If the word of all an adjective follows, then optionally flexed this strong or weak. In the plural nominative, accusative and dative it is usually weakly inflected.

Inflection of the word *all*
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	all he cold he / cold e Coffee	all it cold it / cold e water	all e cold e (= cold e ) milk	all e (rare: cold e ) cold en drinks
Genitive	Despite all en cold en (= cold en ) coffees	Despite all en cold en (= cold en ) water	Despite all he cold he / cold s milk	Despite all he cold he / cold en drinks
dative	with all of em cold em / cold s Coffee	with all em cold em / cold en Water	with all he cold he / cold s milk	with all s (cold en =) cold en beverages
accusative	for all s cold en (= cold en ) Coffee	for all it cold it / cold e water	for all e cold e (= cold e ) milk	for all e (rare: cold e ) cold en drinks
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Who, anyone

The inflected indefinite pronouns wer and somebody occasionally appear with an apposition, usually a substantiated adjective. This is - according to the basic rule of adjective inflection - weakly inflected. As in the case of the indefinite pronouns somebody and nobody , the nominative and accusative generally have the ending -es, which by no means refers to a neuter but to an original genitive.

Inflection of the word *who*
case	Singular
Nominative	w he unknown it
Genitive	-
dative	w em Unknown en
accusative	for w s Unknown there for w s Unknown s
Explanation: green = original genitive, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Article words that act like adjectives

Adjectives that follow the article words others , few , some , some, and something are inflected as if an adjective preceded it:

Inflection of the word *other* (compared to the adjective *fresh* )
case	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	on the other he cold he coffee so he other e cold e Coffee	on the other it cold there water so it other e cold e water	other e cold s milk this e other e cold s milk	other e cold e drinks this e other s cold en drinks
Nominative	fresh he cold he coffee this he fresh e cold e coffee	fresh it cold it water this it fresh e cold e water	fresh e cold s milk this e fresh e cold s milk	fresh e cold e drinks this e freshly s cold en drinks
Genitive	despite other s cold en coffees despite this there other s cold en coffee	despite other s cold s water despite this there other s cold s water	Despite the other he cold he milk despite this he other s cold s milk	Despite the other he cold , he drinks despite this he other s cold en drinks
Genitive	despite fresh en cold en coffees despite this it fresh en cold en coffee	despite fresh en cold s water despite this it fresh en cold s water	despite fresh it cold he milk despite this he freshly s cold s milk	despite fresh it cold he drinks despite this he freshly s cold en drinks
dative	with other em cold em coffee with this em other s cold s Coffee	with other em cold em water with this em other s cold s water	with the other he cold it milk with this he other s cold s milk	with other s cold en drinks with this s other s cold en drinks
dative	with freshly em cold em coffee with this em fresh en cold s Coffee	with freshly em cold em water with this em fresh en cold s water	with fresh he cold it milk with this he freshly s cold s milk	with freshly s cold en drinks with this s freshly s cold en drinks
accusative	for other s cold en Coffee for this s other s cold s Coffee	for the other it cold there water for this there other e cold e water	for other e cold e milk for this e other e cold s milk	for other e cold e drinks for this e other s cold en drinks
accusative	for fresh en cold en Coffee for this s freshly s cold s Coffee	for fresh it cold it water for this it fresh e cold e water	for fresh e cold e milk for this e fresh e cold s milk	for fresh e cold e drinks for this e freshly s cold en drinks
Explanation: pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

The following special features:

With the exception of a few ( the few cold coffee ), the words in this group never appear with a preceding article word ( some cold coffee; ~~this some cold coffee~~ ).
The word several has only plural forms ( several cold drinks ).

Not inflected article words

Many, such, what, much, little

Some otherwise inflected article words have endless forms in certain usage:

some can be used indefinitely in sophisticated style ( some young women ; but: some young women )
the same applies to such ( with such a great effort ; but: with such a great-em / great effort )
which can be used endlessly in exclamation sentences ( with what bold swing (s) the letters are written! but: what bold swing )
the words much and little can also be used endlessly ( with a lot / little cold water ; but: with a lot / little cold water )

Something, enough, nothing , all kinds of formations ; whose, whose, whose

Some article words and pronouns are not adjectivally but noun inflected. This concerns u. a. the words something, nothing, enough, nobody, his / her, whose as well as the formations of any kind ( both, such, various, many, two , etc.). The following adjectives are always strongly inflected:

some green tea
Wigman, whose expressive dance fascinated the audience

Anyone, anyone, no one

The indefinite pronouns somebody , somebody and nobody fluctuate between noun and adjectival inflection: to be somebody - despite hoping for somebody / - speak to somebody - vouch for someone / -en .

Both words, as well as the word who , can be followed by a close apposition. Usually it is a substantiated adjective. In standard language, this adjective has the ending -es in the nominative and accusative case. This is an original genitive, which today is mostly perceived as a nominative / accusative neuter.

In standard language, the basic rule of adjective declination is used (inflected forms are followed by strongly inflected forms). However, there are also various slang forms:

Inflection of the word *someone*
case	Standard language analogous to the inflection of the neuter	Colloquial
Nominative	someone unknown it	someone unknown he
Genitive	despite someone Unknown en
dative	with someone unknown to em	with someone em Unknown em with someone em Unknown en
accusative	for someone unknown it	for someone unknown s , for someone en Unknown
Explanation: gray = endless forms, green = original genitive, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers from two to twelve, which are usually not inflected at all, are given the strong ending -er ( the children of two-er people ) in the genitive, unless an article word is used . The following adjectives are strongly inflected ( the children of two-he lucky-er people ).

The number one is also used in the adjectival position as an indefinite article and is declined like a possessive pronoun, in the noun position like a common adjective.

The number two is usually no longer adjusted in terms of gender in younger New High German (see Zwei # Sprachliches ):

The other numerals usually remain unchanged, they are rarely used as nouns: in three houses (dative).

Inflection of the cardinal numbers
case	a	two	thirteen
Nominative	a large he dog d he a e big e Dog	two large e dog di e two large en Dogs	Thirteen large e dog di e thirteen large en Dogs
Genitive	Despite a it big s dog despite d it a s big s dog	despite two he big he dogs despite d he two large en Dogs	Despite thirteen large he dogs despite d he thirteen large en Dogs
dative	with an em big s dog with d em a s big s dog	with two large en dogs with d s two large en dogs	with thirteen large en dogs with d s thirteen large en dogs
accusative	a s large en dog for d s a s big s dog	for two large e dogs for di e two large en Dogs	for thirteen large e dogs for di e thirteen large en Dogs
Explanation: gray = endless shapes, pink = strong flexion, light blue = weak flexion

Notes on the genitive:

Numbers from two to twelve without an article receive the ending -er in the genitive .
The attributive genitive is usually paraphrased by the preposition of or needs the definite article: the doors of 21 houses, the doors of the 21 houses .
The prepositional genitive and the genitive as an object can only be formed with the ending -er (for numbers from 1 to 12), the definite article or other pronouns: by means of two calls, because of these three calls; he had mercy on the three wanderers .

The noun dative is formed by the ending -en for numbers from one to twelve : there are three houses - in two it is burning . For other numbers, the partitive can be used as an aid: there are twenty houses - nineteen (of them) have lights on .

Furthermore, nouns exist hundreds - by hundreds - by hundreds and thousands - by thousands - by thousands , as well as (the) hundred - by the hundred and (the) thousand - by the thousand .

Web links

canoonet :
- Inflection of nouns
- Inflection of adjectives

Individual evidence

↑ duden.de: mother
↑ duden.de: Klamottenkiste
↑ Elke Hentschel & Harald Weydt: Handbook of German grammar. 4th edition. Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 138f.
↑ Thorsten Roelcke: Language typology of German . Walter de Gruyter, 1997, p. 137.
↑
Pons grammars:
- Ines Balcik: Pons. Volume 2: Doubtless German. Grammar. Secure answers to tricky questions . Klett, Stuttgart et al. 2007, p. 10f.
- Ines Balcik, Jürgen Folz, Klaus Röhe: Pons. Volume 3: Perfect German. The guide in cases of linguistic doubt. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, pp. 162–164.
- Ines Balcik, Klaus Röhe, Verena Wróbel: Pons. Volume 2: The great German grammar. The comprehensive reference work. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, p. 111ff.
↑ Thordis Hennings: Introduction to Middle High German. Third, revised and improved edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012, p. 149.
↑
Examples:
- In the entry Oma at duden.de it says to the genitive singular "der Oma, Omas"
- Duden elementary school dictionary. Better say it! The right choice of words . 2013, p. 68. Quote: "An emerald-green stone sparkles on mom's ring."
↑
Examples:
- Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect. Leipzig 1793–1801:
  
  “The Bèttstatt, plur. the place, or bed place, plur. the -n [...] "
  
  “The Hofstatt, plur. the place [...] "
  
  “The workshop, plur. the -stätte, or the workshop, plur. the -n [...] "
  
  “The abode, plur. the -stätte, or the dwelling, plur. the -n [...] "
- Olla Potrida. First piece. Weversche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1788, p. 143: "The workshops are in small numbers, and the workers are only employed for part of the year."
- Joseph Schneider: Why do people die earlier today than in the past? A program, as a contribution to the glorification of the priestly jubilee celebration of His High Princely Grace Adalbert III, Prince-Bishop of Fulda, the Heil. Roman Empire Prince, Her Majesty the Roman Empress Arch Chancellor through Germania and Gaul Primate rc. rc. Fulda 1811, p. 11: "Our beds are now soft and warming duvets [...]"
- Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons, especially the old federal canton of Schwyz. In four books. Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 23: "In the year 1257, therefore, the united Waldstätte chose the bravest in Helvetia as their guardian."
- Ferdinand Meyer: The Protestant community in Locarno, their emigration to Zurich and their other fates. A contribution to the history of Switzerland in the sixteenth century. First volume. Zurich 1836, p. 332: "Shortly afterwards we find the messengers of the four forest sites, with all seven places of authority, gathered in Lucerne."
↑ duden.de: mother
↑ Duden. The grammar. Volume 4, 5th edition. Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1995, § 427.
↑ Ask me. In: The time. December 26, 2018, accessed January 15, 2019 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954 f .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 955 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 958 .
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 980 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 982 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 981 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 981 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 980 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 253 ff .
↑ Duden Vol. 9, 2007, p. 890.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 948 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 948 f .
↑ See Peter Eisenberg: Das Wort. Floor plan of the German grammar. Volume 1. 3rd edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2006.
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 342 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 343 .
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 344 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 345 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 343 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 346 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 346 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 347 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 348 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 363 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 363 f .
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 952 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 365 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 366 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 950 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 260-262 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 287 f .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 309 ff., 954 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 262, 969 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 956 .
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 364 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 957 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 329 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 998 f .
^ ^A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 951 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 951, 954 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 319 .
^ Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954, 958 .

[1] uden.de: mother

[2] uden.de: Klamottenkiste

[3] Elke Hentschel & Harald Weydt: Handbook of German grammar. 4th edition. Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 138f.

[4] Thorsten Roelcke: Language typology of German . Walter de Gruyter, 1997, p. 137.

[5] Pons grammars:

Ines Balcik: Pons. Volume 2: Doubtless German. Grammar. Secure answers to tricky questions . Klett, Stuttgart et al. 2007, p. 10f.

Ines Balcik, Jürgen Folz, Klaus Röhe: Pons. Volume 3: Perfect German. The guide in cases of linguistic doubt. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, pp. 162–164.

Ines Balcik, Klaus Röhe, Verena Wróbel: Pons. Volume 2: The great German grammar. The comprehensive reference work. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, p. 111ff.

[6] Ines Balcik: Pons. Volume 2: Doubtless German. Grammar. Secure answers to tricky questions . Klett, Stuttgart et al. 2007, p. 10f.

[7] Ines Balcik, Jürgen Folz, Klaus Röhe: Pons. Volume 3: Perfect German. The guide in cases of linguistic doubt. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, pp. 162–164.

[8] Ines Balcik, Klaus Röhe, Verena Wróbel: Pons. Volume 2: The great German grammar. The comprehensive reference work. PONS, Stuttgart et al. 2009, p. 111ff.

[6] Thordis Hennings: Introduction to Middle High German. Third, revised and improved edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012, p. 149.

[7] Examples:

In the entry Oma at duden.de it says to the genitive singular "der Oma, Omas"

Duden elementary school dictionary. Better say it! The right choice of words . 2013, p. 68. Quote: "An emerald-green stone sparkles on mom's ring."

[11] In the entry Oma at duden.de it says to the genitive singular "der Oma, Omas"

[12] Duden elementary school dictionary. Better say it! The right choice of words . 2013, p. 68. Quote: "An emerald-green stone sparkles on mom's ring."

[8] Examples:

Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect. Leipzig 1793–1801:

“The Bèttstatt, plur. the place, or bed place, plur. the -n [...] "

“The Hofstatt, plur. the place [...] "

“The workshop, plur. the -stätte, or the workshop, plur. the -n [...] "

“The abode, plur. the -stätte, or the dwelling, plur. the -n [...] "

Olla Potrida. First piece. Weversche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1788, p. 143: "The workshops are in small numbers, and the workers are only employed for part of the year."

Joseph Schneider: Why do people die earlier today than in the past? A program, as a contribution to the glorification of the priestly jubilee celebration of His High Princely Grace Adalbert III, Prince-Bishop of Fulda, the Heil. Roman Empire Prince, Her Majesty the Roman Empress Arch Chancellor through Germania and Gaul Primate rc. rc. Fulda 1811, p. 11: "Our beds are now soft and warming duvets [...]"

Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons, especially the old federal canton of Schwyz. In four books. Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 23: "In the year 1257, therefore, the united Waldstätte chose the bravest in Helvetia as their guardian."

Ferdinand Meyer: The Protestant community in Locarno, their emigration to Zurich and their other fates. A contribution to the history of Switzerland in the sixteenth century. First volume. Zurich 1836, p. 332: "Shortly afterwards we find the messengers of the four forest sites, with all seven places of authority, gathered in Lucerne."

[14] Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect. Leipzig 1793–1801:

“The Bèttstatt, plur. the place, or bed place, plur. the -n [...] "

“The Hofstatt, plur. the place [...] "

“The workshop, plur. the -stätte, or the workshop, plur. the -n [...] "

“The abode, plur. the -stätte, or the dwelling, plur. the -n [...] "

[15] Olla Potrida. First piece. Weversche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1788, p. 143: "The workshops are in small numbers, and the workers are only employed for part of the year."

[16] Joseph Schneider: Why do people die earlier today than in the past? A program, as a contribution to the glorification of the priestly jubilee celebration of His High Princely Grace Adalbert III, Prince-Bishop of Fulda, the Heil. Roman Empire Prince, Her Majesty the Roman Empress Arch Chancellor through Germania and Gaul Primate rc. rc. Fulda 1811, p. 11: "Our beds are now soft and warming duvets [...]"

[17] Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons, especially the old federal canton of Schwyz. In four books. Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 23: "In the year 1257, therefore, the united Waldstätte chose the bravest in Helvetia as their guardian."

[18] Ferdinand Meyer: The Protestant community in Locarno, their emigration to Zurich and their other fates. A contribution to the history of Switzerland in the sixteenth century. First volume. Zurich 1836, p. 332: "Shortly afterwards we find the messengers of the four forest sites, with all seven places of authority, gathered in Lucerne."

[9] uden.de: mother

[Duden4Gramm1995-10] Duden. The grammar. Volume 4, 5th edition. Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1995, § 427.

[11] Ask me. In: The time. December 26, 2018, accessed January 15, 2019 .

[12] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954 f .

[DG955-13] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 955 .

[DG958-14] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 958 .

[DG980-15] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 980 .

[DG982-16] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 982 .

[DG981-17] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 981 .

[DG981f-18] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 981 f .

[DG980f-19] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 980 f .

[20] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 253 ff .

[21] Duden Vol. 9, 2007, p. 890.

[DG948-22] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 948 .

[DG948f-23] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 948 f .

[24] See Peter Eisenberg: Das Wort. Floor plan of the German grammar. Volume 1. 3rd edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2006.

[DG342-25] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 342 .

[DG343-26] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 343 .

[DG344-27] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 344 .

[DG345f-28] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 345 f .

[DG343f-29] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 343 f .

[DG346-30] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 346 .

[DG346f-31] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 346 f .

[DG347f-32] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 347 f .

[DG348-33] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 348 .

[DG363-34] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 363 .

[DG363f-35] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 363 f .

[DG952-36] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 952 .

[DG365-37] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 365 .

[DG366-38] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 366 .

[DG950-39] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 950 .

[40] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 260-262 .

[41] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 287 f .

[42] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 309 ff., 954 .

[43] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 262, 969 .

[DG956-44] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 956 .

[DG954-45] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954 .

[DG364-46] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 364 .

[DG957-47] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 957 .

[DG329-48] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 329 .

[DG998f-49] Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 998 f .

[DG951-50] A ^b Duden editorial team: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 951 .

[51] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 951, 954 .

[DG319-52] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 319 .

[53] Duden editors: The grammar . 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Vienna, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , pp. 954, 958 .