Dingling

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The Dingling ( Chinese  丁零 , Pinyin Dīnglíng ) were an ancient people in southern Siberia . They originally lived on the upper reaches of the Lena River , west of Lake Baikal . In the third century BC, they began to expand westward. They were part of the realm of the Xiongnu (Hsiung-Nu). They were probably a Turkic people and are often classified as the ancestors of today's Uighurs . Both the name "Uigur" (from Oghur ) and the linguistic identity of the Dingling are closely related.

history

Origins

Little is known about the origin of the dingling. In the beginning they were mainly hunters, fishermen and gatherers. In the second century they were subjugated by Mao-tun Khan along with 26 other tribes, including the Yuezhi and Wusun . North of the Dingling, on the upper reaches of the Yenisei , lived the Gekun (鬲 昆), who were later called Jenisei- Kirghiz . The Hujie (呼 揭) lived west of the Irtysh. Other neighboring tribes were the Hunyu (浑 庾), Qushe (屈 射) and Xinli (薪 犁), but these are only mentioned once in the Chinese accounts. Their exact position is unknown. According to a biography from a 6th century AD, known as Weishu , the Dingling may have descended from the Chidi (赤 狄) who settled on China's northern border during the spring and autumn annals.

Among the Xiongnu

After the Dingling were conquered by the Xiongnu, they were part of their empire for a long time. 71 BC But there was a revolt of the Dingling together with other tribes, which then became independent. 60 BC They attacked the Xiongnu together with the Wusun and Wuhuan . 51 BC They could be subjugated again by the Xiongnu under Zhizhi Shanyu.

Some Dingling groups settled in China during Wang Mang's reign .

85 BC They were involved in the overthrow of the Xiongnu by the Xianbei . They soon became part of the Northern Xiongnu and the Xianbei under Tanshihuai (檀 石 槐). There they were either part of the tribe of Toba or identical with them. After the northern Xiongnu were defeated by other tribes and the ruler of the Xianbei died, many dingling moved south. There they were involved in the formation of the Gaoche and Tiele tribes .

Culture

The Dingling culture has been explored primarily in the excavations of the tombs of Noin-Ula in northern Mongolia. There are over 212 burial mounds there. There are three groups of grave goods in these:

The objects of Chinese origin have Daoist elements and ideograms , including pictorial representations of Daoist legends and stories. The objects of western origin came to the region through economic ties of the Xiongnu. Above all luxury goods came from Bactria and Persia, which were strongly influenced by Greek culture. The grave goods also include wool embroidery with images of chiefs and scenes from everyday life as well as Hellenistic plant motifs.

The princes were buried in two coffins, an inner and an outer. The clothes were made of fur, decorated with gold and silver.

In the opinion of Russian linguists, the Dingling spoke an active language and formed a linguistically uniform group. Heinrich Werner counts the Dingling in the Baikal-Siberian group, as well as the peoples on the Yenisei ( Yenisei languages ) and others.

Hyun Jin Kim and several other researchers claim that the Dingling spoke a Turkic language.

literature

  • Lianqin Duan: Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele . Shanghai People's Press, Shanghai, 1988.
  • Jihe Li: A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang . Nationalities Press, Beijing, 2003.
  • Simian Lu: A History of Ethnic Groups in China . Oriental Press, Beijing, 1996.
  • Edwin G. Pulleyblank: Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China . Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2002.
  • Camilla Trever: Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924-1925) . J. Fedorov Printing House, Leningrad, 1932.
  • Youliang Shen: A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes . Central Nationalities University Press, Beijing, 1998.
  • Suribadalaha: New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols . Nationalities Press, Beijing, 1986.
  • Xiaofu Wang: Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab . Peking University Press, Beijing, 1992.
  • Zongzheng Xue: A History of Turks . Chinese Social Sciences Press, Beijing, 1992.
  • Bibo Zhang, Guoyao Dong: Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China . Heilongjiang People's Press, Harbin, 2001.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Putzger Historical World Atlas. Cornelsen Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 46.
  2. ^ Gerard Clauson: Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge 2005. Section 3 (Preview on Google Books) .
    Barbara A. West: Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing, 2010, pp. 809f. (Preview on Google Books) .
    Dolkun Kamberi: Uyghurs and Uyghur Identity. (pdf; 2.1 MB) In: Sino-Platonic Papers. No. 150 Department of East Asian Languages ​​and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, May 2005, accessed July 10, 2020 .
  3. ^ Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 175 (preview on Google Books) .
  4. ^ Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 175-176.
    Victor H. Mair: Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World. University of Hawaii Press, 2006, p. 140.