Tiele
The Tiele (铁勒), Chile (敕 勒), Tölös or Gaoche (高 車) were an ancient Turkic people in East Asia . They are usually with the Ding Ling equated (丁零).
history
According to the Chinese Chronicles, the Tiele are part of the Xiongnu Confederation, but remained independent after its collapse and opposed both the Rouran and the Gök Turks . The Tiele or Gaoche had diplomatic relations with the Northern Wei Dynasty .
Part of the Gök-Turk Empire
In 546 there was another uprising of the Fufuluo (副 伏 羅) and other tribes who called themselves Tiele since that time. These were soon defeated by Bumin in Djungaria and 250,000 Tiele were taken over into his army. With this army, Bumin moved to Anagui north of the Chinese border in 552, defeated the remnants of the Rouran there and created the first Türk-Kaganat of the Gök Turks . Later he finally subjugated the Tiele.
At that time, the Tiele counted over 40 tribes, which were spread over seven areas.
- North of the Tuul River lived the Pugu, Tongluo, Weihe ( Orchon Uighurs ), Bayegu, Fuluo (Fufuluo), Mengchen, Turuhe, Sijie, Hun (Hunyu), Hu, Xue (Huxue) and others. Together they had an army of 20,000 men.
- West of Kumul and north of Karashahr , near the Tianshan , were the Qibi, Boluozhi, Yidie, Supo, Nahe, Wuhuan (Wuhu), Hegu ( Kyrgyz ), Yedie, Yunihuan (Yunihu) and others. Together they had 20,000 men in the army.
- Behind the Altai lived the Xueyantuo, Dieleer, Shipan (Yueban), Daqi and others with a force of 10,000 men.
- North of Samarqand , up to the Volga River , the Hedie (A-Die), Hejie, Bohu, Bigan, Juhai, Hebixi, Hecuo, Suba, Yemo, Keda and others were found with an army of 30,000.
- The Sulu, Hesan ( Khazars ), Suoye, Miecu, Longhu (Sahu) and others settled east and west of the Caspian Sea . Together these had an army strength of 8,000.
- East of the Byzantine Empire , the Enqu, A-Lan ( Alanen ), Beiru, Jiuli, Fuwahun and others lived with a force of 20,000.
- In the region south of Lake Baikal, the Dubo ( Tuwiner ) lived among others .
These tribes, which were then assigned to the Tiele, had no common ruler, but were almost all part of the Gök-Turk empire. Most of these tribes do not descend from the Dingling , Gaoche or Fufuluo, but were only assigned to them, mostly from false knowledge.
Uprisings and independence
In 582 the tribal leaders Tardu and Apa, khan in northern Djungary, declared independence. Apa was defeated in 587, but Tardu was able to hold out and fought in 599 together with the Gök- Turk ruler Dulan in a civil war against his son Qimin, who allied himself with the Chinese. Dulan was defeated by the Chinese and Tardu took over his dominion. After an uprising by the Tiele tribes provoked by the Chinese, Tardu 603 had to flee to the Tuyuhun .
After Chuluo seized control of the western Tiele, he suppressed it to prevent a revolt. In 605 an alliance between the Qibi (契 苾) and Xueyantuo (薛延陀) managed to overthrow him. They conquered the Republic of Hungary and important cities, so that Chuluo had to flee to the lower Ili in 607 . Geleng (哥 楞) was proclaimed the new khagan by the qibi and Yishibo (乙 失 钵) by the Xueyantuo as the second khagan. In the same year, this alliance, together with the Chinese, succeeded in defeating the Tuyuhun.
Conquest by China
611 attacked the Khagan of Tashkent and grandson Tardu, Shekui, Chuluo, who then fled to China. Then he moved to Djungaria and ended the rebellion. Some smaller areas, such as the Gaochang Kingdom under Chinese rule, were not conquered until 612. Shekui restored the western khaganate but could not prevent a split in the ruling Ashina family. In 628 a group under Yinan (夷 男), the Xueyantuo , moved across the Altai and founded a new confederation with the Tiele living there.
In 660 there were first uprisings of the Sijie (思 结), Bayegu (拔 野 古), Pugu (仆 骨) and Tongluo (同 罗) tribes. These were put down by the Chinese in 622. After that, attempts were made to pacify the remaining Tiele, which led to a stabilization of the situation. 669 it is said to have come to an unsuccessful revolt of the Xueyantuo. In 679 a rebellion was led by three nobles, among whom Ashina Nishufu (阿 史 那 泥 熟 匐) was designated as Khagan. They were soon beaten by the Chinese and Nishifu betrayed and killed in battle. The remnants of the insurgents fled and allied themselves with Ashina Funian (阿 史 那 伏念) to attack the Chinese again. Funian declared himself a khagan in 681, but could not hold his power. After the uprising was put down, over 50 people were executed in the capital on November 16. The last uprising is said to have been led by the Pugu and Tongluo in 682, along with the Ashina clan. This was successful and led to the establishment of the Second Turk Kaganate by Ilteris Sad . However, they were soon defeated by a Chinese army. Many moved to the Protectorate in the Ganzhou Area .
New empire of the Gök Turks and disappearance
From 704 the Tiele tribes, allied with the Chinese, moved west. At that time, most of the Tiele submitted to the new kingdom of the Gök Turks. Campaigns continued across the Chinese border to the north. After the Gök Turks turned west from 708, many Tiele fled to the Chinese heartland and were settled in Lingzhou, among other places. There were also revolts against the Gök-Turkish rule.
By 720 Tonyukuk, who was born as Tiele in China, managed to unite the Tiele there. He called for the Tiele to return north, prompting many to leave their communities in heartland China and move north. The power of the new Göktürkenkhaganat was already waning at that time.
Later there was an alliance between the Tiele in China among the Basmil (拔 悉 蜜), the Karluken and the Uighurs . They beat the Gök Turks and killed the Khagan. The head of the Basmil should become Khagan, but they were betrayed by their allies. The Uighurs founded a new khaganate under Qutlugh Bilge Köl. In 745 they succeeded in killing the Gökturk khagan in exile, Qutlugh Boyla.
From this time on, the Tiele no longer appear in historiography. Presumably large parts of them have joined the Uyghurs or are identical to today's Teleuts .
literature
- Duan, Lianqin: Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele . Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 1988.
- Li, Jihe: A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang . Beijing: Nationalities Press, 2003.
- Lu, Simian: A History of Ethnic Groups in China . Beijing: Oriental Press, 1996.
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G: Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China . Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2002.
- Trever, Camilla: Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924-1925) . Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House, 1932.
- Shen, Youliang: A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes . Beijing: Central Nationalities University Press, 1998.
- Suribadalaha: New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols . Beijing: Nationalities Press, 1986.
- Wang, Xiaofu: Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab . Peking: Peking University Press, 1992.
- Xue, Zongzheng: A History of Turks . Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992.
- Zhang, Bibo, and Dong, Guoyao: Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China . Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Press, 2001.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ulrich Theobald: Tiele鐵勒, Tölöš (www.chinaknowledge.de). Retrieved September 30, 2019 .