Second Turk Kaganat

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The second Kaganat of the Kök Turks (Second Turk, light blue) in the 8th century

The Second Turk Kaganat was a steppe empire of the Kök Turks in eastern Central Asia .

After the destruction of the First Türk Kaganat by Tang China , the Kaganat was rebuilt in 682, essentially comprised the areas of the eastern part of the First Turk Kaganat and existed until 742.

After the decline as a result of the uprising of various Turkic peoples , the Kaganat of the Uyghurs followed on its territory in 745 .

prehistory

The first Turk Kaganat was conquered by the China of the Tang Dynasty - 630 the eastern part, 659 the western part. But the Kök Turks did not accept submission and in 679 there was a revolt. Chinese sources report several uprisings by Turkish tribes - raids, looting, which, however, were repeatedly successfully suppressed. The descendant of the last ruler of the first Eastern Empire of the Kök Turks, Kutluğ (later: Elteriš) , went with a few faithful to the Otüken area north of China and subjugated the neighboring tribes.

The seaweed were now weakened; the Tibetans had taken control of the Tarim Basin in 670 and inflicted severe defeats on the Chinese; dynastic disputes had begun.

Kutluğ was used under the honorary name Elteriš (or Eltäriş Khan, the Reich Collector) by military leader Tonyuquq (also: Tonjukuk). Tonyuquq was Elteriš's advisor. Elteriš came from the noble family of A-shih-na , while Tonyuquq came from the clan of A-shih-te .

Elteriš

In 681 Elteriš suffered a bitter defeat against the Chinese, but from 682 he subjugated the Kök Turks together with 16 allied tribes and relied in particular on the tribe of the Karluken . By 687 he had ruled most of the tribes of the former Eastern Empire.

With this, Elteriš founded the second Turk Kaganat, which in Turkish Turkology is usually referred to as "Karluken rule" (Turkish: Karluk Devleti ) and which is known in Western historiography as the "Empire of the Ilig Khans". After numerous campaigns, this new Turkish empire controlled the steppes from the Great Wall to the outposts of the Arabs (who had been advancing into Transoxania since 705 ). The center was the area of ​​the Changai Mountains . By 687 Elteriš had subjugated most of the tribes of the Eastern Empire, only the Tolu ruler Hushile Khagan was able to flee to China with some tribesmen .

The second Kaganat of the Kök Turks in 700

Qapagan

When Elteriš died in 691, his brother Bökö (ruled 692-716) was appointed head of the empire as Qapagan (Kapagan Khan) on a Kuriltai of the tribes . From 699 onwards, the Türgesch succeeded in expanding their power at the expense of the Kök Turks.

In the period that followed, Qapagan renewed the power of the Kök Turks. He was only the guardian of his nephew Kültigin , who was six years old at the time. The tribes of the Karluken and Oghusen , among others, submitted to him voluntarily. But also non-Rkish peoples like the Kitan were subjugated. At 710 he was able to defeat the door. Qapagan ruled hard over the people of his empire; so it came again in 711/12 to unrest among the peoples of the Basmıl and parts of the On-Ok.

At the same time there were fighting against the Kyrgyz and a winter raid 711/12, in which the respected Kyrgyz ruler Bars Beg fell:

From the "Köl Tegin" stele; East side, line 20 (approx. 732):
“It was Bars-Beg. We ourselves had given him the title of Khagan . We had also given my younger sister - the princess - to wife. But he betrayed us. Therefore the khagan was killed and his people became slaves and servants. "

He was less successful in the fight against the Muslim Arabs who overran Central Asia from 705 onwards . Kültigin was violently repulsed here near Bukhara , an anti-Arab uprising in Sogdia failed in 722 (see Dēwāštič ).

The Türgesch evaded the Kök Turks from 715 onwards and in 717 they submitted to China and went their own political way. Their leader was Suluk (r. 717-738), who in turn led battles against the Arabs, supported by Sogdian princes (see Ghurak ). At the same time, the Oghuz began to slowly migrate westwards and to settle in the area of ​​the originally Iranian- speaking Turkestan , which belonged to the domain of the On-Ok.

Qapagan lost his life on a punitive expedition against those tribes who had been incited against him by the Tang Chinese : in 716 he was murdered by members of the Bayirqu tribe in what is now Mongolia, north of the Tula River.

Bilge Khan

With the sudden death of Qapagan, new turmoil threatened. Elteriŝ 'son Kültigin stood out in particular . Fugiuy-bogiu Kuchuk-Khan declared himself ruler of the Kök Turks in 716. But on a peace Kuriltai, not he or Kültigin, but Bilge Khan , another son of Elteriŝ 'and older brother of Kultigin, was proclaimed Kagan. This brought Tonyuquq and Kültigin to his side as advisors and thus restored peace in the empire. But with that the political rise of the later Uyghurs began .

Bilge Khan successfully changed the technique of war: the most successful war troops provided the mounted archers . The best marksmen were allowed to wear white falcon feathers on their helmets. Determined and highly disciplined, they attacked their opponents in a formation of arrows. They wore armor made of hard leather or metal. Bilge Khan also recruited mercenaries from other peoples, so that both Turks and non-Turks such as Mongols , Tanguts and numerous Chinese fought in his ranks .

From 717 onwards, Bilge Khan extended the area of ​​control of the Kök Turks: he subjugated the areas up to the Syr-Darja in the west, in the east his area of ​​control extended to the Chinese province of Shandong and in the south to Tibet . Finally, he was also able to subjugate the tribes of the Tula region, which his predecessors Idat and Qapagan had not succeeded in doing.

The kingdom of the Kök Turks now comprised the areas from the Black Sea to China and from the Altai to the Hindu Kush . It consisted not only of steppe, but also of desert. The rank of the Khagan had now changed: Originally only a subordinate leader's title, which was far below the old title of “ Shanyu ” or “Tanhu”, he was now a demigod for the late Kök Turks. His tent, the yurt , was made of richly embroidered red silk. In summer, the ruler Bilge Khan moved with his court entourage to the lush pastureland of the north and in autumn to the south again.

Kültigin died in 731 and Tonyuquq rose to become the sole advisor to Bilge Khan, as documented in the inscriptions of Tonyukuk. In 734 Bilge Khan was murdered. On the deathbed he witnessed the execution of his murderers and their instigators. There were members of the Basmıl - tribe , which thus fell out of favor.

Final phase

On the Kuriltai in 734 the followers of Bilge Khan pushed through the election of his son Yiran. But he died in the same year, so that his underage son Bilge Kutluq-Tengri was appointed ruler. As his guardians two of his uncles were placed at his side, in whose hands the real power lay. The "left Schad", Il-Itmysh Bilge-Khan, ruled over the west, the "right Schad", Ozmysh Khan, over the areas of the east; the Gök-Turk empire threatened to break up again into two independent sub-empires.

When Tang China recognized Tengri's rule over the Eastern Turks in 740 , his mother, Pofu Il-Itmysh, invited Bilge, the "left wing" of the Western Turks, to a Kuriltai . He had hardly arrived there when he was seized by his mother's bodyguard and beheaded. The Western Turks then submitted to Tengri, who now adopted the name of "Oghus Khan". But this betrayal of the mother had consequences: The other uncle, Ozmysh Khan, the "left wing" of the Eastern Territories, saw his power threatened by naming Tengri, attacked Tengri in 741 and murdered him.

Ozmysh Khan now intended to succeed Tengri. He assumed the Khagan title under the name "Wusumishi" , but he was an unpopular ruler. The western tribes in particular detested him, and the Basmıl were considered his worst enemies. From around 742 the Karluken joined forces with the Basmıl, Uighurs and Oghusen and attacked Ozmysh. This was killed in the fighting; with that the second Gök-Turk empire came to an end.

Bomei-Tegin Khan, the brother of Ozmysh Khagan who was murdered in 744, tried to seize power in the Eastern Empire as "Bomei Khagan", but he was murdered by Uyghurs in 745.

Karluken, Oghuz, Uyghur and Basmıl founded a new empire on the territory of the Eastern Empire; the first ruler was the Chinese mercenary Gulipeiluo. Gulipeiluo assumed the title "Kutluq Bilge Kül Khagan" and made the city of Kara Balgasun (at the upper Orkhon , the old Ordu Balyk), the center of his empire. The Uyghurs fell out with the Karluken and pushed them to the west - that was the beginning of the Uyghur kaganat , which existed from 744 to 840.

The Karluken finally took their headquarters in Kuz Ordu, today's Balasagun. The Karluken were the first Turkish people in history to create a uniform official language, which radiated up to the Persian Khorezm Empire and is now known as "Karluk-Khorezm" or "Karluk-Uighur".

List of rulers

  • Kutluğ ( Ku-tuo-lu ), later received the honorary name Elteriŝ (also Eltäriş) (682–692 / 94)
  • Qapagan (Kapağan, or Mo-ch'uo ) (692 / 94–716)
  • Fugiuy-bogiu Kuchuk-Khan (716)
  • Kutluk Bilge-Kül Khan ↔ Mogilian Bilge-Kül (716–734; murdered)
  • Yollyg-Tegin Izhan-Khan (734-739)
  • Bilge Kutluk Tengri-Khan (739-741)
  • ?
  • Siuan Khan (741)
  • Il-Itmysh Bilge-Khan (741-742)
  • Ozmysh Khan (742-743)
  • Bomei-Tegin Khan (743-745)

literature

  • Edouard Chavannes : Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux (= Sbornik Trudov Orchonskoj Ėkspedicii. Vol. 6). Académie Impériale des Sciences, St. Petersburg 1903 (reprint. Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris 1941).
  • René Giraud: L'Empire des Turcs Célestes. Les Règnes d'Elterich, Qapghan et Bilgä (680-734). Contribution to the History of the Turcs d'Asie Centrale. Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris 1960.
  • René Grousset : The steppe peoples. Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane. Magnus-Verlag, Essen 1975.
  • Elcin Kürsat-Ahlers : On the early formation of states by steppe peoples. About the socio- and psychogenesis of the Eurasian nomadic empires using the example of the Xiongnu and Gök Turks, with an excursion about the Scythians (= social science writings. Vol. 28). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-428-07761-X (also: Hanover, University, dissertation, 1992).
  • Liu Mau-Tsai: The Chinese news on the history of the Eastern Turks (T'u-küe) (= Göttingen Asian research. Vol. 10, 1–2, ZDB ID 503905-8 ). 2 volumes (Vol. 1: Texts. Vol. 2: Notes, Appendices, Index. ). O. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1958.
  • Ali Kemal Meram: Göktürk İmparatorluğu (= Milliyet Yayin Ṣti. Yayinlari. Tarih Dizisi. Vol. 35, ZDB -ID 2394701-9 ). Milliyet Yayinlari, Istanbul 1974.
  • Edward H. Parker: A thousand years of the Tartars. S. Low, Marston & Co., London 1895 (reprinted. Routledge, London et al. 1996, ISBN 0-415-15589-4 ).
  • Jürgen Paul : Central Asia. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
  • Wolfgang Scharlipp: Brief overview of the Buddhist literature of the Turks. In: Materialia Turcica. Vol. 6, 1980, ISSN  0344-449X , pp. 37-53.
  • Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp : The early Turks in Central Asia. An introduction to their history and culture. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1992, ISBN 3-534-11689-5 .
  • Denis Sinor : Inner Asia. History - Civilization - Language. A syllabus (= Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 96, ISSN  0445-8486 ). Indiana University, Bloomington 1969.
  • Denis Sinor (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al .;
    • Volume 1: From the earliest times to the rise of the Mongols. 1990, ISBN 0-521-24304-1 (also: ibid 1994), (only this volume has been published so far).
  • Sören Stark: On Oq Bodun. The Western Türk Qaghanate and the Ashina Clan. In: Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. Vol. 15, 2006/2007, ISSN  0724-8822 , pp. 159-172.
  • Sören Stark: The Old Turkish Period in Central and Central Asia. Archaeological and historical studies (= nomads and settled people. Vol. 6). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-89500-532-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp: The early Turks in Central Asia , p. 30
  2. ^ Edith G. Ambros / PA Andrews / Çiğdem Balim / L. Bazin / J. Cler / Peter B. Golden / Altan Gökalp / Barbara Flemming / G. Hazai / AT Karamustafa / Sigrid Kleinmichel / P. Zieme / Erik Jan Zürcher, article Turks , in Encyclopaedia of Islam , Brill, digital edition, section 1.1 The pre-Islamic period: the first Turks in history and their languages
  3. ↑ Denis Sinor: The legendary Origin of the Türks , in Egle Victoria Zygas, Peter Voorheis: Folklorica: Festschrift for Felix J. Oinas , p. 231
  4. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 78.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp: The early Turks in Central Asia , p. 47
  6. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 133
  7. ↑ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp The Early Turks in Central Asia , p. 38