Time of spring and autumn annals
The time of the spring and autumn annals ( Chinese 春秋 時代 / 春秋 时代 , Pinyin Chūnqiū Shídài ) is the name for a period in Chinese history . It refers to the existence of imperial annals in the Duchy of Lu (in Shandong ) for the years 722 to 481 BC. And is named after the title of these annals ( 春秋 , Chūnqiū - "Spring and Autumn").
Development of the productive forces
During this period a process began that was fully developed in the Zhanguo period and led to a reorganization of the relations of production and ownership:
- the spread and use of iron production tools in agriculture and handicrafts, through which a more intensive cultivation of the soil and reclamation of fallow land was made possible.
- the invention of the cattle-drawn plow (and with it the replacement of the previously used grave forks and hoes).
- the establishment of artificial irrigation devices .
The development of the productive forces led to an increase in production, a specification of products and the growth of social wealth.
From total land ownership to private property
In the Western Zhou period (11th century to 771 BC) the nominal king ( 王 , wáng ) owned the land. In the Chunqiu period the transition to private land ownership took place. In the 6th century the individual cultivation of the fields began, which was subsequently taxed: for the first time in 594 BC. Chr. In Lu.
Social differentiation
A non-aristocratic upper class developed in the village communities as well as a class of merchants independent of the aristocracy. In the handicraft industry, the differentiation progressed and a layer of independent craftsmen emerged - in contrast to those producing for the farms.
The old political order collapses
In nominal terms, the Zhou dynasty (11th century to 256 BC) still ruled China , but in fact the importance of the house of Zhou 周 increased from the 8th century BC. Chr. Noticeably from.
Instead of the royal family, the territorial rulers were strengthened, of whom individual powerful controlled a large number of smaller territorial rulers. Among the greatest territorial rulers who competed for power were the so-called Five Hegemons ( ten 五霸 ).
The territorial rulers gradually abandoned the system of collecting tributes in favor of establishing tax payments and services. In the course of this development, numerous farmers left their villages and looked for a new existence in no man's land or in areas of foreign territorial rulers.
The old clan system and the nobility ethics of the West Zhou period were gradually disintegrated and new ethical systems developed. The ideas of the Confucian , legal , and Muslim schools mark this turning point in intellectual development.
List of states and their capitals (selection)
The Zuozhuan names a total of 148 states for this epoch. This source is probably the most complete, but in total a little more than 200 states can be identified, which, however, are often limited to only small territories. The Five Hegemons were recruited from seven countries (highlighted in red in the list below); In retrospect, another nine states are considered to be very important (marked in bold), and another 22 states were also of some importance. Most of the states did not survive this period, but were annexed by rivals.
| Surname | Chinese (Trad./Simp.) |
capital Cities | Established | Dissolved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bā | 巴 |
Yíchéng (夷 城) Píngdū (平 都) Zhǐ (枳) Jīangzhōu (江州) Diànjīang (垫江) Lánzhōng (閬 中 / 阆 中) |
unknown | 316 BC Chr. |
| Cài | 蔡 |
Shàngcài ( 上蔡 ) Xīncài (新 蔡) Xiàcài (下 蔡) |
before 1043 BC Chr. | 447 BC Chr. |
| Cáo | 曹 | Táoqiū ( 陶 丘 ) | before 1043 BC Chr. | 487 BC Chr. |
| Chao | 巢 | Chaohu or near Huainan | before 1046 BC Chr. | approx. 580 BC Chr. |
| Chén | 陳 / 陈 | Wǎnqiū ( 宛丘 ) | approx. 1046 BC Chr. | 479 BC Chr. |
| Chéng | 郕 | (Western Zhou period 1066-770 BC) Near the Zhou capital Haojing 郕 (Chéng), Shandong |
approx. 1100 BC Chr. | unknown |
| Chǔ | 楚 |
Dānyáng（丹陽 / 丹阳） approx. 1030 - approx. 680 BC Chr. Yǐng ( 郢 ) c.680 - 278 BC Chr. Chén (陳 / 陈) 278 - 241 BC Chr. Shòuchūn (壽春 / 寿春) from 241 - 224 BC Chr. |
approx. 1030 BC Chr. | 223 BC Chr. |
| Dào | 道 | Dào (probably north of today's Quèshān , Henan or south of Xī , Henan) | unknown | unknown |
| Dèng | 鄧 / 邓 | Dèngzhōu , Henan or Xiāngyáng , Hubei | approx. 1200 BC Chr. | 678 BC Chr. |
| Dōng Guó (Eastern Guo) | 東 虢 / 东 虢 | unknown | 1046 BC Chr. | 767 BC Chr. |
| È | 鄂 | Xiangning , Shanxi; Nanyang , Henan; Ezhou , Hubei | approx. 1200 BC Chr. | 863 BC Chr. |
| Guan | 管 | Guancheng , Zhengzhou | 1046 BC Chr. | 1040 BC Chr. |
| Han | 韓 / 韩 | Xinzheng ( 新鄭 / 新郑 ) | approx. 11th century BC Chr. | approx. 8th century BC Chr. |
| Huá | 滑 | Fèi ( 費 / 费 ) | unknown | 627 BC Chr. |
| Jǐ | 紀 / 纪 | Ji (紀 / 纪), located south of Shouguang , Shandong | unknown | 690 BC Chr. |
| Jìn | 晉 / 晋 | first Táng ( 唐 ), renamed Jìnyáng (晉陽 / 晋阳) Qǔwò ( 曲沃 ) Jiàng ( 絳 ) also known as Yì (翼) Xīntián ( 新 田 ), renamed Xīnjiàng (新絳 / 新绛) |
11th century BC Chr. | 376 BC Chr. |
| Jǔ | 莒 | Jiegen (介 根), southwest of today's Jiaozhou , Shandong Ju (莒), today's Ju , Shandong |
11th century BC Chr. | 431 BC Chr. |
| Lái | 莱 / 萊 | Changle (昌樂), today's Changle , Shandong | 11th century BC Chr. | 567 BC Chr. |
| Liáng | 梁 | Hánchéng (韓城) | unknown | 641 BC Chr. |
| Liǎo (1st) | 蓼 or 廖 or 飂 | Tanghe (唐河 縣), Henan | unknown | unknown |
| Liǎo (2.) | 蓼 or 繆 蓼 / 缪 蓼 | Liao, northeast of Gushi (固始 縣), Henan | unknown | 622 BC Chr. |
| Lǔ | 魯 / 鲁 |
Lǔshān (魯山), Henan Yǎnchéng (奄 城) Qǔfù ( 曲阜 ) |
11th century BC Chr. | 256 BC Chr. |
| Lǚ | 呂 / 吕 | west of present-day Nanyang , Henan | unknown | early time of spring and autumn annals |
| Pi | 邳 | Xuecheng (薛城), 30 km south of Tengzhou , Shandong Lower Pi (下邳), northeast of Pizhou , Shandong Upper Pi (上 邳), west of Xuecheng , Zaozhuang , Shandong |
11th century BC Chr. | unknown |
| Qí | 齊 / 齐 | Yíngqiū ( 臨淄 / 临淄 ) | 1046 BC Chr. | 221 BC Chr. |
| Qǐ | 杞 | Qǐ (杞) | 16th century BC Chr. | 445 BC Chr. |
| Qin | 秦 | Xīchuí (西垂) Yōng (雍)? - 350 BC Chr. Xianyang ( 咸陽 / 咸阳 ) 350-206 v. Chr. |
9th century BC Chr. | 206 BC Chr. |
| Quan | 權 / 权 | south of Dangyang , Hubei | unknown | 704 BC Chr. |
| Ruò | 鄀 |
Shāngruò (上 鄀) / Shāngmì (商 密), Henan Xìaruò (下 鄀), Hubei |
unknown | unknown |
| Shen | 申 | Nányáng (南陽 / 南阳), Henan | unknown | between 688 and 680 BC Chr. |
| Shen | 沈 | Shěn (沈) | unknown, early Western Zhou dynasty | approx. 500 BC Chr. |
| Shǔ | 蜀 | probably Sānxīngduī (三星堆) | before 1046 BC Chr. | 316 BC Chr. |
| Song | 宋 | Shāngqiū ( 商丘 ) | 11th century BC Chr. | 286 BC Chr. |
| Suí | 隨 / 随 | Suízhōu (隨州 / 随州) | early time of spring and autumn annals | unknown |
| Tan | 郯 | Tanguo gucheng (郯 国 故城) | before 1043 BC Chr. | 414 |
| Téng | 滕 | Téng (滕) | before 1043 BC Chr. | Middle 4th century BC Chr. |
| Wèi (Wey) ≠ Wei | 衛 / 卫 | first Zhāogē 朝歌 Cáo (曹), Henan Chǔqiū ( 楚 丘 ) Dìqiū ( 帝 丘 ) Yěwáng ( 野王 ) |
11th century BC Chr. | 209 BC Chr. |
| Wú | 吳 / 吴 | GUSU 姑蘇 / 姑苏 | 11th century BC Chr. | 473 BC Chr. |
| Xī | 息 | Xī (息 縣 / 息 县), Henan | 1122 BC Chr. | between 684 and 680 BC Chr. |
| Xī Guó (Western Guo) | 西 虢 | Yōngdì (雍 地) Shàngyáng (上 陽 / 上 阳) Xiàyáng (下 陽 / 下 阳) |
1046 BC Chr. | 687 BC Chr. |
| Xian | 弦 | Xian, today's Qishui (蘄 水), Huangzhou | unknown | 655 BC Chr. |
| Xíng | 邢 | today's Xingtai (邢臺 / 邢台) | 11th century BC Chr. | 632 BC Chr. |
| Xú | 徐 | Tangcheng (郯 城) | approx. 20th century BC Chr. | 512 BC Chr. |
| Xǔ | 許 / 许 (or 鄦) |
Xǔ (許 / 许 or 鄦) Yè (葉 / 叶) Báiyǔ (白羽) Róngchéng , Henan (容 城) |
approx. 11th century BC Chr. | approx. 5th century BC Chr. |
| Yān | 燕 | Jì ( 薊 / 蓟 ) | 11th century BC Chr. | 222 BC Chr. |
| Yuè | 越 |
Kuàjī ( 會稽 / 会稽 ) 489 - 468 BC Chr. Lángyá ( 琅琊 ) 468 - 379 BC Chr. Wú ( 吳 / 吴 ) 379 - 334 BC Chr. Kuàjī (會稽 / 会稽) 333 - 306 BC Chr. |
approx. 11th century BC BC (38 generations before King Goujian of Yue) | 306 BC Chr. |
| Zhèng | 鄭 / 郑 |
Zhèng , Henan (鄭 / 郑) Xìnzhèng ( 新鄭 / 新郑 ) |
806 BC Chr. | 375 BC Chr. |
| Zhōngshān | 中山 | Lingshou , Hebei | 6th century BC Chr. | 325 BC Chr. |
| Zhoulai | 州 來 | Zhoulai (州 來), Fengtai , Anhui | 8th century BC Chr. | 528 BC Chr. |
| Zōu or zhū | 鄒 / 邹 or 邾 | Zhū (邾), southeast of today's Qufu , Shandong Zōu (鄒 / 邹), southeast of today's Zoucheng , Shandong |
11th century BC Chr. | 4th century BC Chr. |
| Note: Capital cities are shown in their historical order. | ||||
Web links
literature
- Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughnessy (Eds.): The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.