Liao Dynasty
The Liao dynasty ( Chinese 遼朝 / 辽朝 , Pinyin Liáocháo ) was a dynasty and an empire in the north of what is now China from 916 to 1125. The ruling house and some of the subjects were members of the (proto-) Mongolian people of the Kitan . The founder of the dynasty and empire was Abaoji († 926).
history
916 to 960
After the end of the Tang Dynasty , northern China experienced a power vacuum during the Five Dynasties and Ten Empires . Abaoji's son Deguang (926-947) interfered in the internal disputes of the Han Chinese in 936 , appointed General Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 († 942) as emperor and claimed large parts of the country "as a thank you" (later Jin dynasty, Hòu Jìn後晉: 936-947). Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor tried to break free of Deguang's tutelage under the influence of a minister, but was defeated in 946. The Kitan occupied his capital Kaifeng (which was then called "Bianjing") and brought him to northeast China . However, Deguang failed to control the looting and appoint administrators, so an uprising forced him to repent. On his return he died while the Han Chinese were proclaiming a new emperor (947).
This was followed by the short-lived Later Han Dynasty ( Hòu Hàn後 漢: 947-950) and the Later Zhou Dynasty ( Hòu Zhōu後周: 951-960) in the rulership of the Han Chinese .
960-1125 contrast with the song
In 960 the Kitan in the Song dynasty became an equal opponent who, like some of his predecessors, also had its capital in Kaifeng. The Song dynasty tried to recapture northern China in 979, but could not defeat the Kitan general Yelü Xiuge ( 耶律休哥 , Yēlǜ Xiūgē ) in front of Beijing. Yelü Xiuge also remained victorious in 986.
Eventually, the Liao Emperor Yelü Longxu personally attacked Kaifeng, forcing the Song Dynasty into a tribute truce that lasted for a century in 1004. During this time the policy of the Kite Empire was directed against the Uyghurs (1009), against Korea (1014), the Kara-Chanids (1017) and the Tanguts (1044). Finally, in 1042, the Song-China toll was almost doubled. The diplomatic relations of the Liao dynasty extended as far as Baghdad , there it was about a marriage.
At the beginning of the 12th century droughts and floods, internal strife and a defensive policy accelerated the decline of the empire, which was finally taken over by the Jurchen of the Jin dynasty, who were initially allied with the Song .
Emperor
Temple name | Posthumous title | Surname | Reign | Government currency (noun) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Taizu太祖 | 大聖 大 明 神 烈 天 皇帝 | Yelü Abaoji ( 耶律 阿保機 , Yēlǜ Ābǎojī ) | 907 - 926 |
Shéncè神 冊 916– 922 Tiānzàn天 贊 922–926 Tiānxiǎn天 顯 926 |
Taizong太宗 | 孝 武惠文 皇帝 | Yelü Deguang 耶律 德光 ( 耶律 德光 , Yēlǜ Déguāng ) | 926 947 |
Tiānxiǎn天 顯927 - 938 Huìtóng會同 938–947 Dàtóng大同 947 |
Shizong世宗 | 孝 和 莊憲皇 帝 | Yelü Ruan ( 耶律 阮 , Yēlǜ Ruǎn ) | 947- 951 | Tiānlù天祿 947-951 |
Muzong穆宗 | 孝 安 敬 正 皇帝 | Yelü Jing ( 耶律 璟 , Yēlǜ Jǐng ) | 951- 969 | Yìnglì應 曆 951–969 |
Jingzong景宗 | 孝成 康靖 皇帝 | Yelü Xian ( 耶律 賢 , Yēlǜ Xián ) | 969- 982 |
Bǎoníng保 寧 969– 979 Qiánhēng乾 亨 979–982 |
Shengzong聖宗 | 文 武大孝 宣 皇帝 | Yelü Longxu ( 耶律 隆 緒 , Yēlǜ Lóngxù ) | 982- 1031 |
Qiánhēng乾 亨 982 Tǒnghé統 和983 - 1012 Kāitài開泰 1012– 1021 Tàipíng太平 1021–1031 |
Xingzong興宗 | 神聖 孝章 皇帝 | Yelü Zongzhen ( 耶律 宗 真 , Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn ) | 1031- 1055 |
Jǐngfú景福 1031– 1032 Chóngxī重 熙 1032– 1054 |
Daozong道 宗 | 孝文 皇帝 | Yelü Hongji ( 耶律洪基 , Yēlǜ Hóngjī ) | 1055- 1101 |
Qingning清寧1055- 1064 Xianyong咸雍1065 - 1074 Taikang太康or Dakang大康1075 - 1084 Da'an大安1085 - 1094 Shouchang壽昌or Shoulong壽隆1095 -1101 |
Tianzuodi天祚帝 | Yelü Yanxi ( 耶律 延禧 , Yēlǜ Yánxǐ ) | 1101- 1125 |
Qiántǒng乾統1101- 1110 Tianqing天慶1111 - 1120 Bǎodà保大1121 -1125 |
See also
literature
- Jacques Gernet: A History Of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press 1972, ISBN 0-521-24130-8 (English).
- FW Mote: Imperial China (900–1800) . Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 31-91 (English).
- Karl August Wittfogel, Feng Chia-Sheng: History of the Chinese Society. Liao (907-1125) . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series . tape 36 . Philadelphia 1949 (English).
- David Curtis Wright: From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh-Century China: Sung's Foreign Relations With Kitan Liao . Brill Academic Publishers, 2005, ISBN 90-04-14456-0 , pp. 290 (English).
Web links
- Dragons made of silk, flowers of gold: textile treasures of the Chinese Liao dynasty (907–1125). Special exhibition and catalog in English from the Abegg Foundation, 3132 Riggisberg / Switzerland, April 29–11. November 2007. (No longer available online.) In: abegg-stiftung.ch. Abegg Foundation , archived from the original on April 5, 2007 (link to text follow).
- Gilded Splendor – Treasures of China's Liao Empire (907–1125) (exhibition and online documentation, Asia Society and Museum) (English)
- Valerie Hansen: The World in the Year 1000: The View from Beijing. (No longer available online.) In: ias.umn.edu. University of Minnesota , October 23, 2012, archived from the original on March 3, 2016 .
Remarks
- ↑ See Christian Schwarz-Schilling : The Peace of Shan-Yüan (1005 AD). A contribution to the history of Chinese diplomacy (= Asian research. Volume 1). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1959, DNB 454611684 (Munich, Philosophical Faculty, dissertation, 1956).