Liao Dynasty

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Territory of the Liao Dynasty and neighboring empires

The Liao dynasty ( Chinese  遼朝  /  辽朝 , Pinyin Liáocháo ) was a dynasty and an empire in the north of what is now China from 916 to 1125. The ruling house and some of the subjects were members of the (proto-) Mongolian people of the Kitan . The founder of the dynasty and empire was Abaoji († 926).

history

916 to 960

After the end of the Tang Dynasty , northern China experienced a power vacuum during the Five Dynasties and Ten Empires . Abaoji's son Deguang (926-947) interfered in the internal disputes of the Han Chinese in 936 , appointed General Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 († 942) as emperor and claimed large parts of the country "as a thank you" (later Jin dynasty, Hòu Jìn後晉: 936-947). Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor tried to break free of Deguang's tutelage under the influence of a minister, but was defeated in 946. The Kitan occupied his capital Kaifeng (which was then called "Bianjing") and brought him to northeast China . However, Deguang failed to control the looting and appoint administrators, so an uprising forced him to repent. On his return he died while the Han Chinese were proclaiming a new emperor (947).

This was followed by the short-lived Later Han Dynasty ( Hòu Hàn後 漢: 947-950) and the Later Zhou Dynasty ( Hòu Zhōu後周: 951-960) in the rulership of the Han Chinese .

960-1125 contrast with the song

In 960 the Kitan in the Song dynasty became an equal opponent who, like some of his predecessors, also had its capital in Kaifeng. The Song dynasty tried to recapture northern China in 979, but could not defeat the Kitan general Yelü Xiuge ( 耶律休哥 , Yēlǜ Xiūgē ) in front of Beijing. Yelü Xiuge also remained victorious in 986.

Eventually, the Liao Emperor Yelü Longxu personally attacked Kaifeng, forcing the Song Dynasty into a tribute truce that lasted for a century in 1004. During this time the policy of the Kite Empire was directed against the Uyghurs (1009), against Korea (1014), the Kara-Chanids (1017) and the Tanguts (1044). Finally, in 1042, the Song-China toll was almost doubled. The diplomatic relations of the Liao dynasty extended as far as Baghdad , there it was about a marriage.

At the beginning of the 12th century droughts and floods, internal strife and a defensive policy accelerated the decline of the empire, which was finally taken over by the Jurchen of the Jin dynasty, who were initially allied with the Song .

Emperor

Amitabha - Buddha , Liao Dynasty,
Hebei Province
Death mask , 10th century
Wooden Guanyin statue, Liao Dynasty, Shanxi Province
Temple name Posthumous title Surname Reign Government currency (noun)
Taizu太祖 大聖 大 明 神 烈 天 皇帝 Yelü Abaoji ( 耶律 阿保機 , Yēlǜ Ābǎojī ) 907 - 926 Shéncè神 冊 916– 922
Tiānzàn天 贊 922–926
Tiānxiǎn天 顯 926
Taizong太宗 孝 武惠文 皇帝 Yelü Deguang 耶律 德光 ( 耶律 德光 , Yēlǜ Déguāng ) 926 947 Tiānxiǎn天 顯927 - 938
Huìtóng會同 938–947
Dàtóng大同 947
Shizong世宗 孝 和 莊憲皇 帝 Yelü Ruan ( 耶律 阮 , Yēlǜ Ruǎn ) 947- 951 Tiānlù天祿 947-951
Muzong穆宗 孝 安 敬 正 皇帝 Yelü Jing ( 耶律 璟 , Yēlǜ Jǐng ) 951- 969 Yìnglì應 曆 951–969
Jingzong景宗 孝成 康靖 皇帝 Yelü Xian ( 耶律 賢 , Yēlǜ Xián ) 969- 982 Bǎoníng保 寧 969– 979
Qiánhēng乾 亨 979–982
Shengzong聖宗 文 武大孝 宣 皇帝 Yelü Longxu ( 耶律 隆 緒 , Yēlǜ Lóngxù ) 982- 1031 Qiánhēng乾 亨 982
Tǒnghé統 和983 - 1012
Kāitài開泰 1012– 1021
Tàipíng太平 1021–1031
Xingzong興宗 神聖 孝章 皇帝 Yelü Zongzhen ( 耶律 宗 真 , Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn ) 1031- 1055 Jǐngfú景福 1031– 1032
Chóngxī重 熙 1032– 1054
Daozong道 宗 孝文 皇帝 Yelü Hongji ( 耶律洪基 , Yēlǜ Hóngjī ) 1055- 1101 Qingning清寧1055- 1064
Xianyong咸雍1065 - 1074
Taikang太康or Dakang大康1075 - 1084
Da'an大安1085 - 1094
Shouchang壽昌or Shoulong壽隆1095 -1101
Tianzuodi天祚帝 Yelü Yanxi ( 耶律 延禧 , Yēlǜ Yánxǐ ) 1101- 1125 Qiántǒng乾統1101- 1110
Tianqing天慶1111 - 1120
Bǎodà保大1121 -1125

See also

literature

  • Jacques Gernet: A History Of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press 1972, ISBN 0-521-24130-8 (English).
  • FW Mote: Imperial China (900–1800) . Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 31-91 (English).
  • Karl August Wittfogel, Feng Chia-Sheng: History of the Chinese Society. Liao (907-1125) . In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series . tape 36 . Philadelphia 1949 (English).
  • David Curtis Wright: From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh-Century China: Sung's Foreign Relations With Kitan Liao . Brill Academic Publishers, 2005, ISBN 90-04-14456-0 , pp. 290 (English).

Web links

Remarks

  1. See Christian Schwarz-Schilling : The Peace of Shan-Yüan (1005 AD). A contribution to the history of Chinese diplomacy (= Asian research. Volume 1). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1959, DNB 454611684 (Munich, Philosophical Faculty, dissertation, 1956).