Village marker

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The village marker was a medieval and early modern territorial unit that played an important role in the legal system of the Holy Roman Empire (HRR) since the beginning of the 16th century .

definition

In the HRR , the village marker was the land area that surrounded a village settlement . This landscape area included all fields, meadows and forest areas that were cultivated from the village concerned. In addition, this included all paths that were within this district ("to alleys, fields and corridors"). The fenced-in area of ​​the village itself was also part of the village marking , this part was called "inner etters " (or also "Hofetters", "Gartenetters" or "Dorfetters"). The area outside the village fence, on the other hand, was referred to as “except etters”, including the village green and the community forest . Also hamlets and individual settlements could lay outside the village fence are also offered, so were about the two farmsteads Bremenhof and Neusleshof on the village denunciation of Pommer , which in their entirety the sovereignty of the imperial city of Nuremberg was under.

The outer borders of this area were marked with visible boundary signs, from which the name village marking was derived. Most of these boundary signs were stones ( marrow or boundary stones ), but occasionally streams, ditches, hedges or forest edges were also used as marking elements. These border markings played an important role because until the beginning of the general land surveying carried out in the 19th century, there was no reliable map material showing the course of the village marking borders. The preservation of these boundary marks was therefore subjected to a marking revision at regular intervals , the results of which were recorded in writing.

history

Until the end of the late Middle Ages, the village markings only played an important role for the rural community; in the supra-regional area, on the other hand, they were not of major importance. Because up until then the high court districts of the Fraisch and Centämter were the lowest administrative districts in the legal system of the HRR, they formed the legal basis for the medieval sovereignty . At the end of the 15th century, however, a major process of upheaval began in the legal system of the HRR, through which essential areas of law shifted from the high jurisdiction to the lower jurisdiction based on the manorial ownership . In the course of this development, the legal institution of the Bailiwick played a decisive role; this now became the legal basis for the newly created legal complex of the state sovereignty . The authority of the bailiwick exercising bailiwick was limited to those goods in which they could act as landlord and bailiff .

As a result of the change in the legal system, however, an area that was free of domination was created, which affected the common property, such as the village alleys and common parcels (for example the common land and the village green) and forest areas. These fell through the grid of the new legal relationships, as it were, because there was no bailiff here who could have exercised the Vogteiliche jurisdiction . To remedy this deficiency, a new legal institution was established, namely that of the village and community rulership (DGH), through which a village and community ruler was appointed. With this legal construct, communal possessions were also made subject to the jurisdiction of the Vogteilichen jurisdiction, the area of ​​action for this being the village marker. This experienced a significant increase in importance, because especially in the Swabian-Franconian area, the DGH was the decisive criterion for successfully claiming state sovereignty. However, this did not mean that the village and community rulers were granted unrestricted sovereignty (in the modern sense) over the area of ​​the village markings, because the bailiwick and manorial rights of the other landowners were not affected.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Middle and Upper Franconia at the end of the Old Kingdom (1792) . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 12 .
  2. ^ Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg with the Henneberg and Hohenlohe Lands at the end of the Old Empire (1792) . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 17 .
  3. ^ Neustadt-Windsheim . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 23 ( Digitale-sammlungen.de [accessed April 6, 2020]).
  4. ↑ Kitzingen . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 33 ( digital-sammlungen.de [accessed April 6, 2020]).
  5. ↑ Forchheim . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 15 ( online [accessed April 6, 2020]).
  6. ^ Gunzenhausen-Weißenburg . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 45 ( online [accessed April 6, 2020]).
  7. ^ Gunzenhausen-Weißenburg . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 45 ( online [accessed April 6, 2020]).
  8. ^ City and district of Bamberg . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 42 .
  9. ^ Gunzenhausen-Weißenburg . In: Historical Atlas of Bavaria . S. 49 ( online [accessed April 6, 2020]).