Doxapram

Structural formula
	Structural formula without stereochemistry
General
Surname	Doxapram
other names	( RS ) -1-ethyl-4- (2-morpholin-4-ylethyl) -3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; (±) -1-Ethyl-4- (2-morpholin-4-ylethyl) -3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; ( RS ) -1-ethyl-4- (2-morpholinoethyl) -3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone; (±) -1-Ethyl-4- (2-morpholinoethyl) -3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone;
Molecular formula	C 24 H 30 N 2 O 2
External identifiers / databases
EC number	206-216-3
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.653
PubChem	3156
ChemSpider	3044
DrugBank	DB00561
Wikidata	Q737743
Drug information
ATC code	R07 AB01
properties
Molar mass	378.51 g mol −1
Physical state	firmly
safety instructions
	Please note the exemption from the labeling requirement for drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, food and animal feed
GHS labeling of hazardous substances danger
H and P phrases	H: 301
	P: 301 + 310
Toxicological data	50–300 mg kg −1 ( LD 50 , rat , oral )
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Doxapram ( INN ) is a medicinal substance and a monohydrated pyrrolidinone derivative. It is used in medicine to stimulate breathing.

application areas

Doxapram is used in both veterinary medicine and human medicine . It is a common central analeptic in veterinary medicine that can be used to override anesthetics or sedatives . In human medicine, it is only approved as an analeptic for adults. The following can also be treated: post-narcotic or post-operative breathing disorders, drug-induced respiratory depression or chronic lung diseases with respiratory insufficiency.

Mode of action

The drug is given either orally or intravenously. It stimulates the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic areas . This increases the breathing rate and the breathing volume. This effect can be seen in the blood gas analysis, as the acid-base balance changes and the oxygen saturation increases.

Side effects

The following side effects can occur: rise in blood pressure, tremors, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias and anxiety to panic attacks.

Stereochemistry

Only the racemate of doxapram, i.e. the 1: 1 mixture of the ( R ) and ( S ) enantiomers , is of practical relevance :

Enantiomers of doxapram
CAS number: 179915-79-8	CAS number: 179915-80-1

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Doxapram - safety data sheet. (PDF) European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), accessed on November 20, 2017 .
↑ G. Rylance, DR Harvey, JV Aranda (Eds.): Neonatal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics . Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1991, p. 102, ISBN 0-7506-1353-X .
^ R. Dennhardt, I. Roots, G. Heinemeyer, H.-J. Gramm (Ed.): Aspects of drug therapy in intensive care patients . Springer Verlag, 1988, p. 87, ISBN 3-642-71694-6 .
↑ ^a ^b W. Löscher, FR Ungemach, R. Kroker (Ed.): Pharmacotherapy of domestic and farm animals . Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, edition 9, 2014, p. 149, ISBN 978-3-8304-1250-2 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c W. Löscher, HH Frey (Ed.): Textbook of pharmacology and toxicology for veterinary medicine . Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, edition 3, 2010, p. 262, ISBN 978-3-8304-1079-9 .
↑ TM Brown, A. Stoudemire (Ed.): Psychiatric Side Effects of Prescription and Over-the-counter Medications , American Psychiatric Press, Washington, Ed. 1, 1998, p. 355, ISBN 0-88048-868-9 .
↑ Rote Liste Service GmbH (Ed.): Rote Liste 2017 - drug directory for Germany (including EU approvals and certain medical devices) , Rote Liste Service GmbH, Frankfurt / Main, 2017, edition 57, ISBN 978-3-946057-10 -9 , p. 178.

[edqm-1] Doxapram - safety data sheet. (PDF) European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), accessed on November 20, 2017 .

[Neontal_Clincal-2] G. Rylance, DR Harvey, JV Aranda (Eds.): Neonatal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics . Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1991, p. 102, ISBN 0-7506-1353-X .

[Roots-3] R. Dennhardt, I. Roots, G. Heinemeyer, H.-J. Gramm (Ed.): Aspects of drug therapy in intensive care patients . Springer Verlag, 1988, p. 87, ISBN 3-642-71694-6 .

[Haus-4] W. Löscher, FR Ungemach, R. Kroker (Ed.): Pharmacotherapy of domestic and farm animals . Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, edition 9, 2014, p. 149, ISBN 978-3-8304-1250-2 .

[Lehrbuch-5] W. Löscher, HH Frey (Ed.): Textbook of pharmacology and toxicology for veterinary medicine . Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, edition 3, 2010, p. 262, ISBN 978-3-8304-1079-9 .

[Brown-6] TM Brown, A. Stoudemire (Ed.): Psychiatric Side Effects of Prescription and Over-the-counter Medications , American Psychiatric Press, Washington, Ed. 1, 1998, p. 355, ISBN 0-88048-868-9 .

[Rote_Liste-7] Rote Liste Service GmbH (Ed.): Rote Liste 2017 - drug directory for Germany (including EU approvals and certain medical devices) , Rote Liste Service GmbH, Frankfurt / Main, 2017, edition 57, ISBN 978-3-946057-10 -9 , p. 178.