Triangle moth owls
| Triangle moth owls | ||||||||||||
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Triangle moth owls |
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| Pseudeustrotia candidula | ||||||||||||
| ( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775) |
The triangular grass moth owl ( Pseudeustrotia candidula ) is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of the owl butterflies (Noctuidae).
features
The moths reach a wingspan of 23 to 26 millimeters. The adults of the second and possibly third generation are on average somewhat smaller. The females are also, on average, slightly smaller than the males. Their forewings are white to slightly pink in the basic color with a black-brown, triangular spot on the Kostalrand, which extends from the middle field over the outer transverse line to the edge field. This large triangular spot includes the kidney imperfections, as well as a few small light spots and a few black lines. Another dark spot is located in the root field of the forewings, also on the Kostal margin. Another, often indistinct, light brown spot is on the inner edge of the midfield. Two wavy, dark transverse lines (inner and outer transverse line) are also typical. Occasionally, an indistinct wavy line can also be seen. The hind wings are whitish or gray with a brown tinge on the wing leading edge. They have an indistinct outer transverse line and a discal spot.
The egg is hemispherical with strong, strongly serrated longitudinal ribs. It's dirty orange with reddish brown ribs.
The caterpillars are colored green, the segment incisions are yellowish. The back line and the side back lines are drawn dark, the side lines, on the other hand, are bordered in greenish and white. The head is greenish in color.
The doll is yellow-brown in color, the cremaster has a thin tip.
Geographical distribution and occurrence
The distribution area stretches gaps from the Pyrenees, across Central and Southeastern Europe and into European Russia (in the north to the St. Petersburg area ). In the Atlantic coastal regions of France, Belgium and the Netherlands as well as the British Isles the species is largely absent apart from very small occurrences. In 2009 it was first detected in a few copies in the Netherlands and Belgium. It is also largely absent on the Iberian Peninsula (with the exception of the Spanish Pyrenees ) and the Mediterranean islands. However , it also seems to be expanding on the Iberian Peninsula . In the north of the area it occurs in Denmark and southern Fennoscandia and in the Baltic States . In the east the distribution area extends over Asia Minor and central Russia to the Caucasus region and the Urals ; from there on to Iran , Central Asia, West and South Siberia , Mongolia , North China , the Korean Peninsula and Japan .
The species is a typical inhabitant of open, warm grasslands, fields and gardens, as well as forest edges and clearings. It occurs from the lowlands to the hilly level of the low mountain ranges. In the Alps it rises to around 1000 meters.
Way of life
The species forms one or two generations a year, with a second generation only appearing in climatically favorable regions in Central Europe. The moths fly from late May to mid-July and from August to September. A third generation should rarely appear. The animals are mostly diurnal, but also fly at night and occasionally come to light. They suckle on purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria ). The caterpillars can be found from August to October (first generation) and in July (second generation). The caterpillars mainly feed on small sorrel ( Rumex acetosella ), snake knotweed ( Polygonum bistorta ) and other lower plants. Fibiger and Hacker call the species of the genus winches ( Convolvus ) as the main larval food plants. The pupa hibernates.
Danger
The species is on the red list in Germany and is considered endangered. In some German federal states, the species is classified as extinct or lost. In Thuringia, it was only recently detected again after more than 100 years. In Saxony-Anhalt the species was also found again after a long break.
Systematics and taxonomy
The species was first scientifically described in 1775 by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller as Noctua candidula . The type locality is the area around Vienna, the types have been lost. Noctua pusilla Vieweg, 1790 is a more recent synonym. Eustrotia candidula leechiana Bryk, formerly considered a subspecies, from the Korean peninsula in 1949, was again included in the nominate subspecies.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Fibiger & Hacker (2007: p. 54/5)
- ↑ a b c d Forster & Wohlfahrt (1971: p. 256)
- ↑ A. Ju. Matov, AV Bezborodkin, OV Valerskiy. New and rare species of owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae sl) for Sankt-Petersburg and the Leningrad Area. Eversmannia, 3/4: 77-90, St. Petersburg PDF
- ↑ Joop Schaffers and Cornellie Jol: Een bijzondere ontmoeting met de glanzende marmeruil, Pseudeustrotia candidula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), nieuw voor de fauna in Nederland. Entomological reports, 70 (6): 178-182, 2010 PDF
- ↑ José L. Yela, José R. Esteban-Durán, Antonio Jiménez and Francisco Beitia: La dispersión en Insectos (Arthropoda: Insecta): invasión por especias introducidas por la acción humana frente a ampliación natural del area de distribución. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 20: 301-309, Zaragoza 1997. PDF
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 978-3-896-24110-8
- ↑ R. Müller: Pseudeustrotia candidula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) found again after over a hundred years in Thuringia (Lep., Noctuidae) (Faunistic note no. 797) . Entomological News and Reports, Dresden 49: 59, Dresden 2005
- ↑ Peter Schmidt: Pseudeustrotica candidula ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], 1775) rediscovered for Saxony-Anhalt (Lep., Noctuidae). Entomological News and Reports Dresden, 49: P. 56, Dresden 2005 ISSN 0232-5535
- ^ Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller: Systematic directory of butterflies in the Vienna region. 322 S., Bernardi, Vienna 1776 Online at GDZ - Göttinger Digitization Center (The work Announcement of a systematic work on the butterflies of the Vienna region by Michael Denis and Johann Ignaz Schiffermüller from 1775 is an identical preprint of the digitized work from 1776) (Description from Geometra pallidata on p. 89).
literature
- Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 4/2: Owls. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1954, DNB 450378381 .
- Günter Ebert (Ed.): The Butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 5, Moths III (Sesiidae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae). Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1997. ISBN 3-800-13481-0
- Michael Fibiger and Hermann Hacker: Noctuidae Europaeae Volume 9 Amphipyrinae, Condicinae, Eriopinae, Xyleninae (part). 410 pp., Entomological Press, Sorø 2007 ISBN 87-89430-11-5
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 4: Owls. (Noctuidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-440-03752-5 .
- Manfred Koch : We determine butterflies. Volume 3: Owls of Germany. Neumann, Radebeul / Berlin 1958, DNB 452481937 .
