Jabir ibn Zaid

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Abū sh-Shaʿthā Jābir ibn Zaid al-Azdī ( Arabic ابو الشعثاء جابر بن زيد الازدي, DMG Abū š-Šaʿṯā Ǧābir ibn Zaid al-Azdī , * between 639 and 642 in Firq near Nizwa ; † between 711 and 723 in Basra ) was an Islamic traditionalist and mufti who is considered the founder of the Ibadite school of law . The Ibadis of today consider him their first imam .

Life

Jabir, who was blind in one eye, belonged to the Yahmad, a tribal group of the Azd ʿUmān , and came to Basra as a fighter in the course of the Islamic conquests , where he settled during the reign of Uthman ibn Affan or a little later. There he attended the teaching sessions of ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAbbās , who is said to have expressed himself very highly about him. After his departure he became the most important Fiqh authority of Basra alongside al-Hasan al-Basrī . If al-Hasan took part in the Ghazw , he is said to have assumed its position as Mufti .

After Al-Hajjaj ibn Yūsuf became governor of Iraq in 694 , Jābir developed friendly relations with his maulā and secretary Yazīd ibn Abī Muslim, who is said to have been a Kharijit . Yazīd introduced him to al-Hajjāj, who offered him the office of Qādī , but Jābir refused. Notwithstanding this, Jabir was entered into the " regular role of warriors" ( dīwān al-muqātila ), which brought about regular payments from the state of 600 to 700 dirhams .

After an uprising by the Azd in Oman at the beginning of the 8th century, however, the relationship between al-Hajjaj and the Azd deteriorated and he placed many of their relatives, including Jabir ibn Zaid, under strict surveillance. He was particularly harsh against the Muhallabids, the leading family of the Azd ʿUmān. In October 705 he had Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab thrown in prison with his brothers and tortured in custody. Jabir ibn Zaid took this opportunity to convince a large number of the Azd to join his community. Among them were many Muhallabids such as ʿĀtika bint Muhallab, the sister of Yazīd, who supported the community with large amounts.

Al-Hajjaj had Jabir ibn Zaid imprisoned because of these activities and then banished him to Oman . However, Jabir must have returned to Basra at some point, because it is said that he died in Basra and was buried there too. According to some sources, Jabir died in the same week as Anas ibn Mālik . The exact date of his death is also not known. Jabir ibn Zaid had several disciples, including Abū ʿUbaida Muslim ibn Abī Karīma , Abū Nūh Sālih ibn Ibrāhīm ad-Dahhān, and Haiyān al-ʿAbdī.

Works

Jabir is credited with writing a divan , which was probably a collection of his fatwas . Two books of his fatwas, one on marriage and the other on ritual prayer , have survived in North African manuscripts. In 1984 the Omani Ministry of Culture published a collection of its fatwas under the title Min ǧawābāt al-imām Ǧābir Ibn-Zayd ("From the answers of Jābir ibn Zaid"). In addition, there are several manuscripts of Jabir's letters in North African and Omani libraries, although these have not yet been published.

Relationship with the Ibadites

Jabir's membership of the Ibadites has never been undisputed. In non-Ibadite sources such as the “Great Class Book” of Muhammad ibn Saʿd it is reported that the Ibadis did take Jābir for themselves, but that he always rejected any relationship with them. Ibādite sources explained this behavior as a religiously required "secrecy" ( kitmān ). Some modern scholars assume that at the time of Jabir the Ibadis had not yet formed as a separate group, but that he was so important as a teaching authority for the later Ibadites that they regarded him as one of their own.

literature

  • Yaḥyā M. Bakkūš: Fiqh al-imām Ǧābir Ibn-Zaid . Dār al-Ġarb al-Islāmī, Beirut, 1986.
  • Patricia Crone , Fritz Zimmermann: The Epistle of Sālim ibn Dhakwān . Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001. pp. 303-305.
  • R. Rubinacci: Art. " Dj ābir ibn Zayd" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. II, pp. 359b-360a.
  • Amr Ennami: Studies in Ibadhism (al-Ibāḍīyah) . Muscat: Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Endowments & Religious Affairs 2008. pp. 65-92.
  • Josef van Ess : Theology and society in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Hijra. A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam . 6 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter 1991-97. Vol. II, pp. 190-192.
  • Muhammad ibn Saʿd : Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr . Ed. E. Sachau. 9 vols. Leiden 1904-1940. Vol. VII, pp. 130-133. Available online here: http://archive.org/stream/biographien07pt1a2ibnsuoft#page/n113/mode/2up
  • John C. Wilkinson: Ibāḍism: Origins and Early Development in Oman . Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010. pp. 183-205.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Cf. Ibn Saʿd 131 and Crone / Zimmermann 302.
  2. ↑ See Wilkinson 185.
  3. ↑ Bakkūš: Fiqh al-imām Ǧābir Ibn-Zaid . 1986, p. 32f.
  4. ↑ Bakkūš: Fiqh al-imām Ǧābir Ibn-Zaid . 1986, p. 11.
  5. ↑ Bakkūš: Fiqh al-imām Ǧābir Ibn-Zaid . 1986, p. 17.
  6. ↑ Cf. Crone / Zimmermann 302f.
  7. ↑ Cf. Crone / Zimmermann 302 and Ibn Saʿd 131.
  8. ↑ See Wilkinson 186.
  9. ↑ See Wilkinson: Ibāḍism . 2010, pp. 199-202.
personal data
SURNAME Jabir ibn Zaid
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abū sh-Shaʿthā Jābir ibn Zaid al-Azdī
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Islamic traditionarian and mufti
DATE OF BIRTH between 639 and 642
PLACE OF BIRTH Firq at Nizwa
DATE OF DEATH between 711 and 723
Place of death Basra