Immigration country
The term immigration country describes a state whose population is growing rapidly due to the immigration of people from other countries or in which immigrants make up a substantial part of the population. The term is sometimes used as a political catchphrase .
With respect to the people of the host country is also an immigration society spoken or if the temporary nature of immigration should be emphasized by an immigration society .
Immigration countries in comparison
Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Israel , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , the USA and other countries, especially in South America, are considered classic immigration countries . These are countries with a large proportion of the population of immigrants. In many cases immigration was specifically promoted, often based on a low population density combined with a labor shortage, in other cases for military-strategic considerations, in order to be able to show a reason for occupying a claimed area through a population presence. Large migration movements to these countries occurred particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the course of globalization , there was a change from around the world economic crisis and the Second World War . While the classic immigration countries controlled immigration in a targeted manner through immigration laws and limited it as required, numerous former emigration countries became targets for immigration, including in particular the states of the European Union . Since around 1990 in particular, the conditions for immigration in these countries have gradually been relaxed, with the southern European countries, particularly Spain, taking a pioneering role. As a rule, these countries have recently also been referred to as immigration countries, even if the specific use of this term in public is often controversial.
In 2013, 232 million people lived outside their home country (around 3.2 percent of the world population). The United States took in most of the immigrants (45.8 million people), Russia the second most (approx. 11 million), and Germany the third most (9.8 million).
The 2017 UN Migration Report announced the following order of states with the most immigrants: 1. USA (49.8 million), 2. Saudi Arabia (12.2 million), 3. Germany (12.2 million), 4. Russia (11.7 million), 5. United Kingdom (8.8 million).
Application of the term to individual states
Germany
As of 2017, Germany is the third most popular immigration country in the world after the United States and Saudi Arabia. Immigrants from 194 countries live in Germany .
In 2011, the total share of the population with a migration background in the sense of official statistics (i.e. people who have immigrated to what is now federal territory from outside the country since 1949 and their descendants) of around 19 percent (15 million inhabitants) and a total share of the population without German citizenship of 8.3 percent (6.6 million inhabitants). According to statisticians, Germany has been a country of immigration for decades.
The term immigration country has been used for the Federal Republic since the beginning of immigration by so-called “ guest workers ” in recognition of de facto immigration, but was controversial in public for many years. The guest workers were mainly recruited in the 1960s , after the West German cities had been rebuilt to function and workers were needed for the prosperous businesses of the economic boom . The recognition that Germany is a country of immigration has been more firmly established at least in science and politics since the turn of the millennium.
In the historical context, it can be stated that Germany has repeatedly been an important immigration country for certain periods of time. In the 16th and 17th centuries, religiously persecuted Huguenots immigrated to Germany from France , and large numbers of Polish workers ( Ruhr Poland ) and Italians at the time of industrialization in the German Empire . In addition to the guest workers of the 1960s and 1970s , there have been a large number of immigrants from the former Soviet republics, from Poland and from former Yugoslavia during the Balkan Wars since the 1980s . With the global financial crisis from 2007 and the resulting economic problems (especially youth unemployment ) in, for example, Spain , Greece , Portugal and Italy , Germany has developed into a stable location that is always attractive to immigrants. In addition to migrants from European countries, Germany is also a popular destination for academics and company founders from other parts of the world; the number of Israelis has risen sharply in the years since 2010.
Switzerland
Switzerland has the highest proportion of foreigners (residents without Swiss citizenship ) of all European countries with around two million inhabitants (see proportion of immigrants by country ). It has been a country of immigration since the 1960s. The reason was, among other things, the high demand for workers in a rapidly growing economy; Previously unskilled jobs were increasingly only covered by immigrants. However, it was initially possible to use the seasonal statute to balance out the economy’s manpower requirements and the fact that the critics called “ foreign infiltration”, namely an increasing proportion of the foreign population : Foreign (predominantly southern European) workers received seasonal work permits but then had to leave again. Family reunification was almost impossible in the first phase of residence even for newly settled people.
In 2000, a referendum resulted in a positive majority for the conclusion of a bilateral agreement on the free movement of persons with the EU; Above all, the economy, with its need for mostly well-qualified workers, had pushed for it. Full freedom of movement was introduced in several steps. Since the borders with the EU were completely opened, the already high level of immigration has accelerated significantly. Even with the rise in unemployment since 2009 in the wake of the economic crisis, the immigration surplus has remained almost unchanged. This has called right-wing political circles (especially the SVP ) on the scene, who are calling for the application of the valve clause set out in the bilateral agreements , which could reintroduce certain immigration quotas . The revocation of the free movement of persons called for by individual exponents became reality with the referendum on February 9, 2014: 50.3% of those entitled to vote voted for the federal popular initiative “Against mass immigration” . This means that the free movement of people must be restricted within three years.
United States
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Documentation of the workshop "New terms for the immigration society" on April 29th and 30th, 2013 in Nuremberg. New German Media Makers, with the support of the BAMF, accessed on September 29, 2016 .
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Ursula Birsl: External opening - internal closure: On the conflicting logic of the migration policy of European immigration countries (PDF)
- ↑ esa.un.org Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division, Press release "232 million international migrants living abroad worldwide - new UN global migration statistics reveal Forthcoming UN High-level Dialogue aims to enhance benefits of migration for all" 11. September 2013. Accessed June 12, 2014.
- ↑ a b United Nations: International Migration Report . 2017, p. 6 ( un.org [PDF]).
- ↑ Ursula Mehrländer, Günther Schultze (1998): Immigration Concept for the Federal Republic of Germany: Facts, Arguments, Proposals , Bonn 1992 ( Discussion Group Work and Social Affairs; 7), FES Library ( online ). Retrieved July 24, 2013.
- ↑ UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs: International Migration 2006 ( PDF ; 619 kB), status: 2006. Accessed May 31, 2013.
- ^ Martina Sauer, Heinz-Ulrich Brinkmann: Introduction: Integration in Germany . In: ibid. (Ed.): Immigration Society Germany . Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, p. 1 .
- ^ Klaus Bade: Integration: Missed opportunities and catching up politics . In: Federal Center for Political Education (Ed.): From Politics and Contemporary History . No. 22-23 , 2007, pp. 37 .
- ^ Thousands of Israelis flock to Germany in reverse exodus , The Jewish Chronicle, accessed September 30, 2014.
- ^ Young Israelis flock to Berlin , Deutsche Welle, accessed on September 30, 2014.
- ↑ Population level and structure - indicators - most recent [sic! ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. provisional monthly and quarterly data ], Federal Statistical Office (FSO). Retrieved November 10, 2014.
