Narrow mouth tetra
Narrow mouth tetra | ||||||||||||
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Leporinus cf. fasciatus |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Anostomidae | ||||||||||||
Günther , 1864 |
The anostomidae (Anostomidae) live in fast-flowing waters of South America and southern Central America , especially in the Orinoco and the Amazon basin as far as Mato Grosso . The family was named after the genus Anostomus , which has an upper mouth ( Gr .: "Ano" = above, "stoma" = mouth).
features
The fish have a small mouth that they cannot push forward. Her lips are bulging, the maxillary short, the wide, finely jagged teeth as rasp and molars. There is only one row of teeth per jaw. Their bodies are streamlined and elongated, only quite high back in the Abramites genus . Narrow-mouth tetra are often of a light basic color and have a striped pattern of vertical or horizontal, dark bands. The animals are 8 to 50 cm tall.
Way of life
Narrow mouth tetra are peaceful schooling fish that inhabit the bottom region of heavily vegetated waters. To get to their spawning grounds, some species undertake long hikes. Many species swim upside down and are therefore referred to as "headstanders" in aquarium circles.
External system
Within the Characins (Perciformes) the anostomidae together with the South American also headstanders (Chilodontidae) Breitlingssalmlern (Curimatidae) and Barbensalmlern (Prochilodontidae) a group which is guided by some researchers as a family "Anostomoidea". The Engmaulsalmler are in a sister group relationship to a clade of the three other families.
Internal system
There are 13 genera with more than 130 species:
- Engmaulsalmler family (Anostomidae)
- Genus Abramites Fowler, 1906
- Abramites eques (Steindachner, 1878)
- Abramites hypselonotus ( Abramites hypselonotus ) (Guenther, 1868)
- Genus Anostomoides
- Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1909
- Anostomoides nattereri (Steindachner, 1876)
- Genus Hypomasticus Borodin, 1929
- Hypomasticus despaxi (Puyo, 1943)
- Hypomasticus julii (dos Santos, Jégu & Lima, 1996)
- Hypomasticus lineomaculatus Birindelli, Peixoto, Wosiacki & Britski, 2013
- Hypomasticus megalepis (Günther, 1863)
- Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner, 1875)
- Hypomasticus pachycheilus (Britski, 1976)
- Hypomasticus thayeri (Borodin, 1929)
- Genus Leporellus
- Leporellus cartledgei Fowler, 1941
- Leporellus pictus (Kner, 1858)
- Leporellus retropinnis (Eigenmann, 1922)
- Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850)
- Genus Leporinus
- Leporinus acutidens (Valenciennes, 1837)
- Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864
- Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876
- Leporinus aguapeiensis Amaral Campos, 1945
- Leporinus alternus Eigenmann, 1912
- Leporinus amae Godoy, 1980
- Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello & Britski, 1987
- Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912
- Leporinus arimaspi Burns et al., 2014
- Leporinus aripuanaensis Garavello & Santos, 1981
- Leporinus badueli Puyo, 1948
- Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, 1875
- Leporinus bimaculatus Castelnau, 1855
- Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997
- Leporinus bleheri Géry, 1999
- Leporinus boehlkei Garavello, 1988
- Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950
- Leporinus copelandii Steindachner, 1875
- Leporinus crassilabris Borodin, 1929
- Leporinus cylindriformis Borodin, 1929
- Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914
- Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann & Henn, 1916
- Leporinus enyae Burns et al., 2017
- Leporinus falcipinnis Mahnert, Géry & Muller, 1997
- Banded Leporinus ( Leporinus fasciatus ) (Bloch, 1794)
- Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)
- Leporinus gomesi Garavello & Santos, 1981
- Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991
- Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912
- Leporinus holostictus Cope, 1878
- Leporinus jamesi Garman, 1929
- Leporinus jatuncochi Ovchynnyk, 1971
- Leporinus klausewitzi Géry, 1960
- Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945
- Leporinus latofasciatus Steindachner, 1910
- Leporinus lebaili Géry & Planquette, 1983
- Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes, 1850
- Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel, 1844
- Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875
- Leporinus melanopleura Günther, 1864
- Leporinus melanopleurodes Birindelli et al., 2013
- Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926
- Leporinus microphysus Birindelli & Britski, 2013
- Leporinus microphthalmus Garavello, 1989
- Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942
- Leporinus multifasciatus Cope, 1878
- Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli & Teixeira, 2016
- Leporinus niceforoi Fowler, 1943
- Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Jardine, 1841)
- Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990
- Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915
- Leporinus octomaculatus Britski & Garavello, 1993
- Leporinus ortomaculatus Garavello, 2000
- Leporinus pachyurus Valenciennes, 1850
- Leporinus parae Eigenmann, 1908
- Leporinus paralternus Fowler, 1914
- Leporinus paranensis Garavello & Britski, 1987
- Leporinus parvulus Birindelli et al., 2013
- Leporinus pearsoni Fowler, 1940
- Leporinus pellegrinii Steindachner, 1910
- Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941
- Leporinus pitingai Santos & Jégu, 1996
- Leporinus platycephalus Meinken, 1935
- Leporinus punctatus Garavello, 2000
- Leporinus reticulatus Britski & Garavello, 1993
- Leporinus santosi Britski & Birindelli, 2013
- † Leporinus scalabrinii (Ameghino, 1898)
- Leporinus sexstriatus Britski & Garavello, 1980
- Leporinus silvestrii Boulenger, 1902
- Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926
- Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907
- Leporinus steyermarki Inger, 1956
- Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858
- Leporinus subniger Fowler, 1943
- Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875
- Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997
- Leporinus tepui Birindelli et al., 2019
- Leporinus tigrinus Borodin, 1929
- Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli & Teixeira, 2016
- Leporinus trimaculatus Garavello & Santos, 1992
- Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli & Britski, 2013
- Leporinus uatumaensis Santos & Jégu, 1996
- Leporinus villasboasorum Burns et al., 2017
- Leporinus wolfei Fowler, 1940
- Leporinus y-ophorus Eigenmann, 1922
- Genus Megaleporinus Ramirez, Birindelli, & Galetti, 2016
- Megaleporinus brinco Birindelli et al., 2013
- Megaleporinus conirostris Steindachner, 1875
- Megaleporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850
- Megaleporinus garmani (Borodin, 1929)
- Megaleporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988
- Megaleporinus muyscorum Steindachner, 1900
- Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)
- Megaleporinus piavussu Britski, Birindelli & Garavello, 2012
- Megaleporinus reinhardti Lütken, 1875
- Megaleporinus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876
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Schizodon clade
- Genus Rhytiodus Kner, 1858
- Rhytiodus argenteofuscus Kner, 1858
- Rhytiodus elongatus (Steindachner, 1908)
- Rhytiodus lauzannei Géry, 1987
- Rhytiodus microlepis Kner, 1858
- Genus Schizodon Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1829
- Schizodon altoparanae Garavello & Britski, 1990
- Schizodon australis Garavello, 1994
- Schizodon borellii (Boulenger, 1900)
- Schizodon corti Schultz, 1944
- Schizodon dissimilis (Garman, 1890)
- Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829
- Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski, 1990
- Schizodon isognathus Kner, 1858
- Schizodon jacuiensis Bergmann, 1988
- Schizodon knerii (Steindachner, 1875)
- Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858
- Schizodon platae (Garman, 1890)
- Schizodon rostratus (Borodin, 1931)
- Schizodon vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850)
- Genus Rhytiodus Kner, 1858
- Subfamily Anostominae , base of the caudal fin bare, nostrils clearly separated.
- Genus Anostomus
- Anostomus anostomus ( Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) )
- Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961
- Anostomus longus Géry, 1961
- Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949
- Anostomus ucayalensis (Fowler, 1906)
- Genus Gnathodolus Myers, 1927
- Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927
- Genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872
- Laemolyta fasciata Pearson, 1924
- Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950
- Laemolyta garmani (Borodin, 1931)
- Laemolyta macra Géry, 1974
- Laemolyta nitens (Garman, 1890)
- Laemolyta orinocensis (Steindachner, 1879)
- Laemolyta petiti Géry, 1964
- Laemolyta proxima (Garman, 1890)
- Laemolyta taeniata (Kner, 1858)
- Laemolyta varia (Garman, 1890)
- Genus Petulanos Sidlauskas & Vari, 2008
- Petulanos intermedius (Winterbottom, 1980)
- Petulanos plicatus (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Petulanos spiloclistron (Winterbottom, 1974)
- Genus Pseudanos Winterbottom, 1980
- Pseudanos gracilis (Kner, 1858)
- Pseudanos irinae Winterbottom, 1980
- Pseudanos trimaculatus (Kner, 1858)
- Pseudanos winterbottomi Sidlauskas & Santos, 2005
- Genus Sartor Myers & Carvalho, 1959
- Sartor elongatus Santos & Jégu, 1987
- Sartor respectus Myers & Carvalho, 1959
- Sartor tucuruiense Santos & Jégu, 1987
- Genus Synaptolaemus Myers & Fernández-Yépez in Myers, 1950
- Synaptolaemus cingulatus Myers & Fernández-Yépez, 1950
- Genus Anostomus
- Genus Abramites Fowler, 1906
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
- Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
- Hans A. Baensch , Rüdiger Riehl : Aquariums Atlas. Volume 1, Mergus Verlag, Melle 1997, ISBN 3-88244-101-1 .
- Axel Zarske: Anostomidae. Headstanders, Engmaulsalmler. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. 2 volumes. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 54 f.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Claudio Oliveira et al .: Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11: 275 doi: 10.1186 / 1471-2148-11-275
- ↑ Sidlauskas, Brian L. & Vari, Richard P. (2008): Phylogenetic relationships within the South American fish family Anostomidae (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes) . Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 154 (1): 70-210. doi: 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2008.00407.x
- ↑ Ramirez, JL, Birindelli, JLO & Galetti Jr., PM: A New Genus of Anostomidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes): Diversity, Phylogeny and Biogeography Based on Cytogenetic, Molecular and Morphological Data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, November 2016, doi: /10.1016/j.ympev.2016.11.012
Web links
- Engmaulsalmler on Fishbase.org (English)