First Philippine Republic
The First Philippine Republic ( Spanish Primera República Filipina , Tagalog Unang Republika ng Pilipinas ) was the first independent republic of the Philippines after independence from Spain . It was constituted on January 23, 1899 in Malolos and was officially dissolved on March 23, 1901, with the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan , Isabela Province , by US troops during the Philippine-American War .
prehistory
In August 1896 the Philippine Revolution broke out, its climax was the proclamation of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . After its end in December 1897, in San Miguel , Aguinaldo went into exile in Hong Kong with several dozen revolutionaries . There they founded the Hong Kong Committee , adopted the La Junta Patriotica manifesto , in which they called for an independent state, and made contact with representatives of the United States . The US diplomats orally stated that they would welcome and support a Filipino state. On May 1, 1898, the Spanish-American War reached the Philippines. In the battle of Manila Bay , a US Navy squadron defeated the anchored Spanish squadron.
The Provisional Republic
Due to the events, Aguinaldo returned to Manila on May 19, 1898 and declared himself dictator over the Philippines on May 24 - the final phase of the revolution began. He was joined by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista , who is considered to be the author of the Philippine Declaration of Independence. This was ceremoniously read on June 12th in Kawit under the new flag of the Philippines and the first version of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo was played. In June the revolutionaries took control of the provinces of Cavite , Bulacan , Laguna , Batangas and Pampanga and trapped the Spanish in Manila.
Apolinario Mabini played an important advisory role at this time . A decree was passed on June 18 that provided for the reorganization of the provinces and municipalities. Elections were prescribed, in which the population should elect the governors and mayors, and it was decided to convene a revolutionary congress. On June 20th, a law was passed that passed the establishment of courts and provisional revolutionary jurisdiction. On June 23, the creation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Interior and Finance was decided, at the same time the dictatorship was abolished and Emilio Aguinaldo was declared President of the Provisional Republic. On August 1, 1898, the elected mayors and governors met for the first time in Bacoor .
The Revolutionary Congress
On September 15, the Revolutionary Congress opened in the Barasoain Church in Malolos. President was Pedro Paterno selected. Benito Legarda , first secretary Gregorio Araneta and Pablo Ocampo as second secretary were elected Vice-President . On September 29th the declaration of independence was ratified, it formed the framework for the later Malolos constitution. This was drawn up by Felipe G. Calderon and adopted and ratified by the Revolutionary Congress on January 21, 1899 under the name Constitución política de Malolos in Spanish. It was the first republican constitution in all of Asia .
First republic
On January 23, the first Republic of the Philippines was officially proclaimed, with Emilio Aguinaldo as its first president and Apolinario Mabini elected as its first prime minister. The first seat of government was Malolos, since Manila was under the occupation of the Americans. However, the founding of the republic was not a good star. Previously, the US President William McKinley had declared the Benevolent Annexation of the Philippines on December 23, 1898 and set up the Schurman Commission on January 20 . Two weeks after it was founded, the Philippine-American War broke out on February 4, 1899 . On February 6, the United States ratified the Peace of Paris and officially declared the Philippines a colony .
On March 31, US troops were able to take Malolos. The first government then fled to Calumpit , which was captured on April 26th. The seat of government was then moved to Cabanatuan . On May 9, Mabini was replaced as Prime Minister by Pedro Peterno, as the disabled Mabini was no longer able to cope with the strain. The Congress resided from May 13th in the neighboring parish of San Isidro . The Americans quickly caught up, however, so that the seat of government and Congress had to be relocated to Tarlac and later to Bayambang , Pangasinan Province , where the last government meeting was held on November 13th. Aguinaldo explained in it the transition to guerrilla warfare and all members of the government went underground. Mabini was captured in Palanan in December 1899, Paterno in April 1900, and President Aguinaldo on January 2, 1901. Aguinaldo declared the First Philippine Republic officially dissolved on March 23, 1901 while in American captivity .
Web links
- The First Philippine Republic National Historical Commision of the Philippines