Bicycle lights

The bicycle lighting is a vehicle lighting on the bicycle . It is used to give the driver a view of the route while driving and to make it easier for other road users to quickly see the bike.

For the early bicycles, lamp types were initially used that were adopted from other types of vehicle and adapted to the construction of the bicycle. Bicycle lamps and lanterns with candles as a source of light, small oil lamps , petroleum lamps and carbide lamps were used.

Today the active elements of bicycle lights are operated electrically. These produce light in incandescent lamps or, increasingly, in light emitting diodes and through the battery - or Dynamo for wiring having a power and can.

Additional passive elements of the bicycle lighting - retroreflectors that do not require a power supply - reflect externally illuminated light in the incoming direction and make the - upright - bicycle light up all around from the viewer's point of view, when the wheel is covered by the light cone of a lamp guided by the viewer - approximately horizontal - is captured. The red / yellow / white color of the reflectors shows the orientation (direction of travel) of the bike. Luminaires that combine active and passive functions have been available since around 1985.

history

Spring-loaded headlight on a bicycle from 1935 with low and high beam and switching from dynamo operation to flat battery

The first forms of bicycle lighting sold in large numbers can be found as early as the 1880s in the form of candle and oil lamps. At the end of the 1890s, due to the increasing industrial extraction of calcium carbide, the first carbide lamps for bicycles came onto the market. For a long time, these three types of bicycle lamps in particular were the most common form of lighting, until the end of the 1920s, battery and dynamo systems that were cheaper and less susceptible to malfunction were increasingly able to displace the previously used types of lamps from the market. Until the 1930s, electric lamps were made with spring-loaded suspension order on the largely unpaved road network a vibration isolation of the initially relatively sensitive light bulbs to achieve.

Legal regulations

Germany

In Germany, the construction of the bicycle lighting for the operation of a bicycle in public traffic is stipulated by law in § 67 StVZO (lighting equipment on bicycles). For the approval of the facilities, TA 4 (structural requirements), 6 (lamps), 14b (tail lights for bicycles and their trailers), 14c (marker lights), 18 (reflector), 18a (retroreflective strips on bicycle tires), 23 (Headlights for bicycles) and 24 (bicycle alternators). Some requirements according to the ECE regulations for motor vehicles have been added.

Children's bicycles are not affected by the lighting regulations, since according to Section 16 (2) StVZO they are not vehicles in the sense of the regulation.

A Bicycle Equipment Ordinance (FAusüstV), which has been discussed since 1998, with changes to some of these regulations was rejected by the Federal Council in 2006.
On June 1, 2017, the regulations for bicycle lighting were fundamentally revised.

According to § 67 StVZO:

Basics:

"Bicycles may only be used in public traffic if they are equipped with the prescribed and type-approved lighting equipment." The following still applies: Do not use in traffic without an approval mark. (The dynamos are also part of the lighting equipment.)
There is no longer any dynamo obligation. Accumulators and batteries of any nominal voltage may also be used, provided that these match the lights. Also, at least directly in the regulation, there is no longer any power or voltage specification for the energy sources. In the TA of 1998, however, 6V 3W and 12V 6W are still a prerequisite for approval.
The lighting system may in principle also be removable. Paragraph 2, sentence 4: "Headlights, lights and their energy source may be removable, but must be attached during twilight, in the dark or when the visibility conditions otherwise require it."
Only lamps that are suitable for their design may be used.
The exemption for racing bicycles during participation in races no longer applies. The special regulation depending on the weight as well.
When operating on a dynamo, the headlights and taillights only need to be switched together. However, the parking light may function independently of the headlight. (But it doesn't have to, so parking lights in the headlights are still permitted.) When using batteries and accumulators, the headlights and taillights can be switched independently of each other.
From January 1, 2019, lights and headlights of pedelecs and e-bikes that are powered by the battery for the drive must still work for 2 hours after the drive has been switched off due to a low charge level. Alternatively, the drive motor can be used as a dynamo in this case, then no 2-hour reserve is necessary.

Front:

Flashing headlights are prohibited.
The requirement to incline the light cone of the headlight so that the brightest point is 5 m in front of the bike and halfway up has been removed. Now the only requirement is that the headlights must not be able to dazzle.
One or two headlights for white “low beam”. At least one white reflector (so several are allowed). Installation height between 40 and 120 cm.
The headlights may also be equipped with a daytime running light function - corresponding to daytime running lights for vehicles - according to ECE R87. A high beam function is also permitted. The switchover must take place automatically or the controls must be designed according to ECE R60; that is, like on a motorcycle.
From a bike width of 1000 mm, two headlights and two reflectors are required. They are to be attached in pairs with a maximum distance of 20 cm from the outermost outline.
Bicycles with a width of 1800 mm or more must be illuminated in accordance with the regulations of ECE R48 for cars. See car lighting
Yellow reflectors on the pedals are mandatory.
Direction indicators according to ECE R50 (motorcycle indicators) with control elements according to ECE R 60 are permitted on multi-lane bicycles and on bicycles whose structure covers the hand signals.

Rear:

Flashing tail lights are prohibited.
At least one rear light and one large reflector (category Z). Mounting height between 25 and 120 cm. Another small, low-mounted reflector is no longer required. The tail lights may be equipped with a brake light function. This must comply with the regulations of ECE R 50. (Motorcycle brake light)
From a width of 100 cm, two rear lights and reflectors must be attached in pairs. The distance between the lighting and the outermost contour must not be greater than 20 cm.
From a width of 180 cm, the bicycles must be illuminated like cars in accordance with EU regulation ECE R48.
Direction indicators according to ECE R50 (motorcycle indicators) with control units according to ECE R 60 are permitted on multi-lane bicycles and bicycles whose structure covers the hand signals.
Yellow reflectors on the pedals are mandatory.
Tail lights may contain a parking light function. They can shine independently of the headlight.

Laterally:

Must on the wheels
- White reflective strips connected in a ring shape on the tires and / or rims, or between the spokes of all wheels.
- Or all the spokes on all wheels are completely white retroreflective or all spokes on all wheels have white retroreflective spoke sleeves (reflective clips).
- Or at least two “classic” yellow spoke reflectors per wheel offset by 180 °. If more than two reflectors are mounted per wheel, they must be distributed evenly. (So with three pieces 120 ° angles, with five pieces 72 ° angles, etc.)
In addition to the minimum equipment with one of these three options, the other options may also be used. (e.g. reflective tires on reflective rims, and spokes with spoke sleeves)
Additional yellow, lateral “reflective means” are permitted, provided they are type-approved. So there is nothing to prevent the side of a bicycle from being covered with yellow reflective tape, provided the film has a registration mark. This also makes a lot of sense for covered bicycles.

Since 2006, the illuminance of the headlight in the core lighting area on a wall 10 meters away has to be at least 10 lux (see 10 lux regulation ). Due to the advancing development and the widespread use of LEDs , bicycle lights are getting brighter. Even dynamo headlights now reach 100 lux and more. With LED lights, a much lower electrical power is sufficient to achieve the required light levels. There are therefore systems with only 1.5 watt dynamo power and correspondingly reduced headlights and taillights.

All components used must bear the German test mark . This approval is issued by the Federal Motor Transport Authority and can be identified by an approval number with a wavy line, the capital letter K and a number.

Austria

In Austria, active bicycle lighting does not require a test mark, i.e. neither a wavy line nor a K number. The passive lighting (reflector) must, however, comply with the ECE regulation "R 104". There is also no limit to how much light can shine on the bike and which power source is used to operate the lighting system. The front light must emit at least 100 cd and the rear light at least 1 cd. The rear light is allowed to flash, the front not.

The permitted light colors of the active lighting are white or light yellow towards the front or red towards the back. It is defined that the lighting must be fully effective from 15 km / h and the headlights must be firmly connected to the bike. This means that the head and backpack lamps that have been popular recently are not enough. In the detailed paragraphs below, make sure that legal information describes the situation in German road traffic. In Austria, the Austrian etc. apply to active and passive lighting and for other bicycle components such as bell or horn, brakes bicycle Regulation .

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the lighting regulations are handled liberally via the Road Traffic Act (SVG).

Art. 41 Vehicle lighting

During the journey, motor vehicles must always be illuminated, the other vehicles only from the beginning of dusk to daylight and in poor visibility.
The vehicles may not have any red lights or reflectors to the front and no white lights to the rear. The Federal Council can allow exceptions.
The lighting should be handled in such a way that nobody is unnecessarily blinded.

Ordinance on the technical requirements for road vehicles (VTS)

Art. 216: Lighting

If lighting is required in accordance with Article 30 Paragraph 1 VRV, bicycles must be equipped with at least one stationary light that shines in white at the front and one that shines red at the rear. These lights must be visible to 100 m at night in good weather. They can be fixed or removable.
The lights on bicycles must not dazzle.
Appendix 10 applies to the colors of additional lights.
Direction indicators are only permitted on bicycles with a closed body.

As of July 1, 2007

Denmark

In Denmark, the front and rear lights must be on from sunset to sunrise and be visible from a distance of 300 m and also at an angle from the side. You must not dazzle. Front light can be white, bluish or yellowish. Yellow must not flash. White and bluish front light as well as red rear light must flash with at least 120 pulses per minute (= 2 Hz ). With induction feed via a spoke magnet, this frequency f = 2 Hz is achieved with a wheel circumference of u = 2 m and a driving speed of v = f × u = 4 m / s = 4 × 3.6 = 14.4 km / h. The red tail light must also flash at least 120 times per minute.

Active lighting elements

The prohibition of further travel if the lights do not work must be accepted in the absence of daylight (at least because of danger to others). The lack of lights or their defects can lead to a fee-based warning even during the day.

Front headlights

The front headlight emits white light. The light source is either a conventional incandescent lamp , a halogen lamp or one or more LEDs . For the latter, the term LED headlights has established itself . The headlight shines the light directed in front of the bike. The required shape of the light bundle is implemented by reflectors and, if necessary, by diffusing screens. The light bulbs used in front headlights powered by a dynamo and permitted in Germany according to StVZO have a power consumption of 2.4 watts at 6 V operating voltage. The front lights can also be equipped with a white parking light LED, which is supplied with power via a capacitor integrated in the light or by batteries.

LED front headlights (dynamo-powered)
Halogen headlights (dynamo-fed)
Nostalgic headlights (dynamo-fed)
Front headlights (battery powered)
Krypton headlights (battery powered)

Taillight

Reflector mounted on the seat tube, including the battery taillight, both not adjusted to horizontal

The rear light emits red light. The light shines diffusely to the rear through a diffuser . The light source is either an incandescent lamp or one or more LEDs . The light bulb of a dynamo-operated rear light has a power consumption of 0.6 watts at 6 V. Most modern LED rear lights offer a parking light function that is supplied either by batteries or by a capacitor that is charged while driving. A parking light function is not yet mandatory in Germany and Switzerland. In particular, battery-operated rear lights often have a flashing function in addition to the permanent light, the use of which is not permitted under German and Swiss road traffic law, but is permitted under Austrian road traffic law. The purpose of flashing lights in road traffic is controversial.

Parking light

Front and rear lights with parking light function are commercially available or already fitted. Such lights continue to glow for up to five minutes when the vehicle is stationary. The required electrical energy is either taken from the dynamo while driving and stored in a special capacitor ( super capacitor ) in the lamp or taken from a battery in the lamp. In LED headlights and taillights, a single LED can also take over the function of the parking light.

In addition, parking lights were sold specifically for side-running dynamos, which ensure continued power supply for a limited time when the friction wheel is stationary or when the friction wheel is slipping when the tire is damp or frosty.

Passive lighting elements

Reflector

Reflectors in the front and rear wheels. The bike is easy to see from the side

Reflector (reflector) on the bicycle pedal. Some of the light is reflected back in the direction from which it comes. Taking a picture with the flash illustrates the effect

Reflectors , also called retroreflectors, reflect the light from external light sources (e.g. from vehicle headlights) directly back to them. The impression of brightness also depends on the area of the reflectors. Large-area reflectors are therefore more recognizable than the “selective cat's eye ”. The reflectors that are visible from the rear (red) and front (white) in the direction of travel are particularly important, as they guarantee a certain degree of visibility, for example if the vehicle's own lighting fails. They are therefore an important part of bicycle lighting. The effectiveness of reflectors that make the bicycle recognizable as a bicycle (contour recognition) (reflective materials on tires, rims, spokes, pedals) is controversial.

The following reflectors are prescribed by the German Road Traffic Licensing Regulations StVZO :

at least one white reflector to the front, which may be integrated in the headlight
a red large area reflector (Z reflector) may be integrated in the rear light.
One yellow reflector that acts to the front and one to the rear of each pedal; additional reflectors that act laterally are permitted
at least four (two components with two reflectors each) yellow reflectors in the front wheel
at least four (two components with two reflectors each) yellow reflectors in the rear wheel

The reflectors in the running wheels can alternatively be replaced by the following reflective products:

two tires or rims with white reflective stripes

or

two white, ring-shaped reflective strips between the spokes

Spoke reflectors and reflective tires or spoke sleeves may be installed together. Further yellow reflectors acting laterally may also be used.

Other passive lighting devices on bicycles are not permitted in Germany. It is at the discretion of the inspecting police officer to check other facilities, but he may not prohibit further travel in the case of inadmissible reflectors.

Power sources on the bike

The active lighting on the bike is either supplied by a dynamo , a battery or a rechargeable battery . However, voltage generation via eddy currents is also possible.

Dynamo operation

Almost all bicycle dynamos currently sold are alternating current generators that emit an approximately constant alternating current ( constant current source ) above their nominal speed . According to the StVZO, this current is 500 mA and must be available from 15 km / h to supply 6-volt or, more recently, alternatively 12-volt lighting. This results in an electrical output of 3 watts (6 watts with 12 V lighting). The power drops to a typical minimum speed and the lamp goes out when stationary.

As the driving speed increases and the dynamo speed increases, the lamp output increases slightly. A regulation of the dynamo is not necessary for normal operation.

There are different types of bicycle dynamos:

The advantage of dynamos is their constant availability. Disadvantages of friction dynamos (side runner, roller dynamo) are the slippage when the tires are wet or snow and the wear of the friction wheel or the roller and the tire - which also leads to slippage. Other disadvantages of most friction dynamos are their high running noises, susceptibility to dirt and low efficiency, which has a negative effect on general driving characteristics and their availability. Modern hub dynamos, on the other hand, are almost silent, maintenance-free and insensitive to the effects of the weather and dirt. In addition, they have a very high level of efficiency, which is why you hardly notice a hub dynamo in everyday use. The integration in the hub makes repairs expensive; Retrofitting requires the (dynamo) hub to be re-spoked. Spoke dynamos also avoid the disadvantages of friction dynamos, but the efficiency of current models is significantly below that of hub dynamos.

The use of incandescent lamps on the dynamo requires, due to the approximate constant current property of bicycle dynamos, the compliance with the nominal currents specified for the dynamos (in 6-volt systems, for example, by using 6-volt incandescent lamps with a nominal current of 400 mA for the headlights and 100 mA for the rear light). The use of incandescent lamps with higher rated currents is not possible, but a second headlight can be connected in series if the speed is sufficient.

Approved LED headlights and taillights adapt the operation of the LED with electronic circuits to the current supplied by the dynamo. LEDs (even several in series) can be operated directly on a dynamo after rectifying the alternating current without a series resistor, provided that the maximum permissible current of the LED is large enough.

Overvoltage protection

Since bicycle dynamos supply an increasing voltage in accordance with the driving speed, if the nominal voltage (usually 6.0 V) is exceeded, the light sources (incandescent / halogen bulb or LED) would be destroyed. This value is reached at approx. 40–45 km / h. An overvoltage also occurs if the dynamo's nominal load (usually 3.0 W) is undershot. This happens, for example, when the headlight or the rear light fails.

In modern side-running dynamos or in modern front lights for hub dynamos, those are those with manual or twilight switches, voltage limiters are therefore usually built in. LED taillights are also z. T. so equipped. If this is not the case, a standard voltage limiter for bicycle lights should be retrofitted.

For technical reasons, there are never voltage limiters in hub dynamos, because these must always be switched by the light switch together with the front and rear lights. There are also no voltage limiters in front lights for side-running dynamos, i.e. those without a switch.

Battery or accumulator operation

Battery lighting usually works with 3 to 6 V DC voltage . The lamps can be quickly attached to and removed from the bike using a plug-in system. The advantages are the simple assembly that, in contrast to dynamo operation, the pedaling resistance of the driver is not increased and that battery-operated lamps also light up when the bicycle is stationary.

A disadvantage is that the lighting cannot be operated indefinitely. It fails as soon as the batteries or accumulators are discharged. You are obliged to ensure that sufficient energy is available when driving in the dark. Possibly. you have to carry spare batteries with you, because the failure of the lighting is punished with a fine.

Since August 1, 2013, in addition to dynamo lighting, the exclusive use of battery-powered lights has been permitted in Germany for all types of bicycles. However, this lighting must also be installed / plugged in on the bike ready for use during the day; the lack of it is subject to a fine.

Combined dynamo battery operation

In Germany it is permissible to operate functioning lighting based on dynamo supply with a battery. This eliminates most of the disadvantages of the different systems dynamo and battery lighting.

Since almost all headlights and taillights produced for dynamo operation in LED technology z. T. can be operated with 6 volts DC voltage while observing the connection polarity, a switchable battery supply is associated with relatively little design effort. In addition to retrofitting with a hub dynamo, commercially available retaining plates for cantilever sockets allow a friction dynamo to be attached to most fork and frame designs.

Circuit diagram of a switchable dynamo and battery supply, simplified
In this exemplary embodiment, the battery unit provided for supplying the dynamo lighting was accommodated together with a switch (not shown) in a saddlebag attached between the luggage rack struts and the seat tube

Connection and wiring

With the planned Bicycle Equipment Ordinance 29/06, two-wire cables should become mandatory in Germany. The ordinance did not come into force, but this line routing was established, which does not depend on the conductive frame as a ground line. In the case of non-conductive bicycle frames or parts thereof, two-wire installation is necessary anyway. Storage z. B. in the steering head , rear swing arm are not a secure electrical connection, so that the two-wire line works more reliably.

As connectors are spring clips , tabs and tab receptacles (usually 2.8 mm wide), screw terminals and other commercial and proprietary connector.

It is common to have twin strands with one core marked in color. The marked wire is often referred to as "minus" (ground) in the installation instructions. This is technically wrong with a dynamo-operated alternating current lighting system, but it is more understandable to the layman. Whether the wires are laid completely insulated from the frame or have contact with the frame with a pole depends not only on the laying, but also on the components. Most dynamos have a connection to one pole for attachment, hub dynamos z. B. to the axis. If the polarity is mixed up at another point, the supply may be short-circuited . Bicycle dynamos are short-circuit-proof, but rechargeable batteries and batteries are not, so a correspondingly dimensioned fuse should be provided here.

The cables are fed through the frame to improve durability and appearance. The point at which the cable is routed into the frame is exposed to an increased risk of cable breakage and should be protected accordingly. A disadvantage of this line routing is that it is time-consuming to replace it, and it is sometimes necessary to remove the bottom bracket .

literature

Fritz Winkler, Siegfried Rauch: Bicycle technology repair, construction, production. 10th edition, BVA Bielefelder Verlagsanstalt, Bielefeld 1999, ISBN 3-87073-131-1 .
Michael Gressmann, Franz Beck, Rüdiger Bellersheim: specialist knowledge of bicycle technology. Verlag Europa Lehrmittel, Haan-Gruiten 2006, ISBN 3-8085-2291-7 , p. 156 ff.

Web links

Commons : Bicycle Lights - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

↑ Verkehrsblatt, Issue 22-2003
↑ Wilfried Schmidt: Structure and mode of operation of bicycle alternators - bicycle future, issue 1 . In: fahrradzukunft.de . April 1, 2006.
↑ Bundesrat printed paper No. 29/06 - Ordinance amending road traffic regulations (PDF; 18 kB) In: bundesrat.de . January 17, 2006.
↑ § 67 StVZO lighting equipment on bicycles Road traffic approval regulations. In: buzer.de. Retrieved September 8, 2017 .
↑ Regulation No. 87 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of lights for daytime running lights for motor vehicles
↑ Regulation No. 60 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) - Uniform rules for the approval of two-wheeled motorcycles and bicycles with an auxiliary motor with regard to the controls operated by the driver and the labeling of controls, control lights and display devices
↑ Regulation No. 48 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of vehicles with regard to the installation of lighting and light signaling devices
↑ Regulation No. 50 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of position lights, tail lights, brake lights, direction indicators and lighting devices for the rear license plate for L-class vehicles
^ IQ-X. In: bumm.de. Retrieved September 8, 2017 .
↑ Consolidated federal law: Entire legal provision for the Bicycle Ordinance, version of March 20, 2014. In: ris.bka.gv.at. Retrieved March 20, 2014 .
↑ Bicycle Ordinance. In: bmvit.gv.at. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016 ; accessed on March 4, 2014 .
↑ SR 741.01 Road Traffic Act of December 19, 1958 (SVG). In: admin.ch. The Federal Council - Portal of the Swiss Government, accessed on October 3, 2018 .
↑ Ordinance on the technical requirements for road vehicles . In: admin.ch . The Federal Council - portal of the Swiss government. June 19, 1995.
↑ 2. What Does the Law Say? In: reelight.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016 ; accessed on September 9, 2016 .
↑ Surge protection for hub dynamos. In: fahrradreinigung-info.de. June 1, 2012, accessed April 14, 2020 .
↑ Catalog of fines for bicycles: Rules and violations for cyclists. Bicycle fine catalog 2020. In: bussgeldkataloge.de. Retrieved on May 19, 2020 : "Facts: lighting not used despite darkness or poor visibility or was it covered / dirty"
↑ Catalog of fines for bicycles: Rules and violations for cyclists. Bicycle fine catalog 2020. In: bussgeldkataloge.de. Accessed on May 19, 2020 : "Facts: Bicycle light not available or defective"

[1] Verkehrsblatt, Issue 22-2003

[2] Wilfried Schmidt: Structure and mode of operation of bicycle alternators - bicycle future, issue 1 . In: fahrradzukunft.de . April 1, 2006.

[3] Bundesrat printed paper No. 29/06 - Ordinance amending road traffic regulations (PDF; 18 kB) In: bundesrat.de . January 17, 2006.

[4] § 67 StVZO lighting equipment on bicycles Road traffic approval regulations. In: buzer.de. Retrieved September 8, 2017 .

[5] Regulation No. 87 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of lights for daytime running lights for motor vehicles

[6] Regulation No. 60 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) - Uniform rules for the approval of two-wheeled motorcycles and bicycles with an auxiliary motor with regard to the controls operated by the driver and the labeling of controls, control lights and display devices

[7] Regulation No. 48 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of vehicles with regard to the installation of lighting and light signaling devices

[8] Regulation No. 50 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) - Uniform conditions for the approval of position lights, tail lights, brake lights, direction indicators and lighting devices for the rear license plate for L-class vehicles

[9] IQ-X. In: bumm.de. Retrieved September 8, 2017 .

[10] Consolidated federal law: Entire legal provision for the Bicycle Ordinance, version of March 20, 2014. In: ris.bka.gv.at. Retrieved March 20, 2014 .

[11] Bicycle Ordinance. In: bmvit.gv.at. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016 ; accessed on March 4, 2014 .

[12] SR 741.01 Road Traffic Act of December 19, 1958 (SVG). In: admin.ch. The Federal Council - Portal of the Swiss Government, accessed on October 3, 2018 .

[13] Ordinance on the technical requirements for road vehicles . In: admin.ch . The Federal Council - portal of the Swiss government. June 19, 1995.

[14] 2. What Does the Law Say? In: reelight.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016 ; accessed on September 9, 2016 .

[15] Surge protection for hub dynamos. In: fahrradreinigung-info.de. June 1, 2012, accessed April 14, 2020 .

[16] Catalog of fines for bicycles: Rules and violations for cyclists. Bicycle fine catalog 2020. In: bussgeldkataloge.de. Retrieved on May 19, 2020 : "Facts: lighting not used despite darkness or poor visibility or was it covered / dirty"

[17] Catalog of fines for bicycles: Rules and violations for cyclists. Bicycle fine catalog 2020. In: bussgeldkataloge.de. Accessed on May 19, 2020 : "Facts: Bicycle light not available or defective"