Heel mentally

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Heel sensation (Bersntolerian)

Spoken in

Italy , Trentino in the municipalities of Florutz / Vlarötz / Fierozzo, Palai im Fersental / Palae en Bersntol / Palù del Fersina and Gereut / Garait / Frassilongo, including Eichleit / Oachlait / Roveda
speaker about 2,278 (knowledge of different dialects)
Linguistic
classification

Indo-European

Germanic
West Germanic
Standard German
Upper German
Bavarian
  • Heel mentally
Official status
Official language in Protected in Trentino
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

gem (other Germanic languages)

ISO 639-3

mhn

The Fersentalerisch or Mochenische (Fersentalerisch: Bersntolerisch, Bersntoler Sproch or Taitsch, " German ", Italian : mòcheno ) is an Upper German dialect that is spoken in three communities of the Fersental in Trentino , Trentino-South Tyrol in northwestern Italy .

Origin of name

The term "Mocheni", which is used by the Italian and Ladin-speaking neighbors, is allegedly based on the verb "mochen" (= to make), as the people of Fersental liked to form sentences with this verb.

Linguistic assignment

Heelsentaleric is a southern Bavarian dialect that is seen as a dialect from a linguistic systematic point of view , but from a functional linguistic point of view - since standard German is largely absent as the umbrella language - is viewed as an independent language. It is not to be confused with Cimbrian .

The Fersentaler speakers themselves partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian and Standard German. Conversely, the numerous fundamental differences in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation cause outsiders problems to understand heel mentality.

Linguistic features

Heel talks share most of the phonetic and grammatical features with the other Bavarian dialects. So Middle High German has become ei to oa , ie to ia , uo to ua and iu to ai : hoas (hot), boachen (soft), schiasn (shoot), guat (good), schua (shoe), taitsch (German), hait (today). As in Standard German, Middle High German î is broken into ai and û from au : aisn (iron), bail (while), haus (house), clean (clean).

It shares changes in f / v and w with the other language island dialects of the Eastern Alps, including Cimbrian and Gottscheer . The v [* f] of Middle High German - in New High German starting with f or v - is always spoken voiced like Standard German w [v]: vimva (five), laven (run). For Middle High German w [* β] - and New High German w [v] - stands b : boch (week), schbai (pig), baschn (wash).

As in Cimbrian and other South Bavarian dialects, k is breathed from Germanic * k : khloa (small), khotz (cat).

The original final n is often omitted: mai (my), khoa (none). However, it remains with the infinitive of the verbs: èssn (to eat), hòltn (to hold).

grammar

The conjugation of verbs is largely simplified. Unlike in many other Bavarian dialects, but as in written German, the forms of the 3rd person plural end like those of the 1st person plural in -n . As in all Upper German dialects, no umlauts are formed in the present indicative to a, au and o: vòlln - er vòllt (to fall - he falls), but definitely to e, in all three persons of the singular: six (see): I yourself, you yourself, he see, biar six, ir secht, be six .

As in the other Upper German dialects, the past tense has been lost and is replaced by the perfect . In weak verbs, the past participle is formed with the ending -t , in strong verbs with ablaut and the ending - (e) n . The prefix ge of the past participle is usually reduced: i hon tschrim (I wrote), i pin khemmen (I came).

The subjunctive II is preserved and is formed with -at for weak verbs and ablaut for strong verbs.

In contrast to Bavaria, no old dual forms are used in the 2nd person plural, but old plural forms as in written German. So for “you” not es / ös , but ir . Therefore, the corresponding verb forms do not contain -s : ir wòcht (you do, cf. in Bavaria: es måchts ). In the accusative and dative case, however, the personal pronoun of the 2nd person plural, as in Bavarian, has the old dual form enkh and the possessive is enkher .

The declination is greatly simplified. Nominative and accusative usually coincide. The noun is not changed by the case, but the article has its own forms in the dative. When it comes to personal pronouns, there is also the distinction made between nominative, dative and accusative, e.g. B. i - me - mi (I - me - me), you - you - di (you - you - you). The genitive is lost, as in almost all German dialects and is using mainly circumscribed präpositional (from).

vocabulary

Bavarian vocabulary is predominant, but there are many borrowings from Italian, e.g. B. macchina (car), appuntamento (meeting) or veramente (really).

distribution

Minority languages ​​in Trentino:
 Heel throat (Mòcheno)

According to the 2001 census, in which data on the mother tongue were recorded for the first time , heel was spoken by a majority in the following communities (number of members of the heel language community): Florutz / Vlarotz / Fierozzo (423 people, 95.92%) , Palai / Palae / Palù (184 people, 95.34%), Gereut / Garait / Frassilongo (340 people, 95.24% - together with the village of Eichleit / Oachlait / Roveda). In other municipalities in Trentino, 1,331 people said they belonged to the heelsentaler language community, in the whole of Trentino 2278 or 0.5%.

According to the 2011 census, the proportion of speakers who spoke the heel has decreased: the proportion in Florutz was 91.9% (442 of 481 inhabitants), in Palai it was 92.9% (157 of 169) and in Gereut it was 83.3 % (269 of 323). In other municipalities, 792 people, only half as many as in 2001 stated heel talisman as their mother tongue, in the whole of Trentino 1660 of 526,510 or 0.3%. In Sant'Orsola Terme , also located in the Fersental, 23.5% of the residents speak Fersentaler.

On-site observations indicate that the entire population of Eichleit and Palai, a majority in Florutz and only a few elderly people in the village of Gereut speak Fersentalerisch. A 2007 survey among primary school children in Florutz showed that 47% do not speak heel-talisman and 19% do not even understand it. The high numbers in the census suggest that there is a strong identification with the language group even among people with limited or no knowledge of the dialect.

Official status and use in school

Since 1987, Fersentalerisch has been recognized as a minority language in Trentino alongside Cimbrian and Ladin . In the elementary school in Florutz, dialect has been offered as a compulsory subject from the first grade for several years. In addition, this is the only school in Trentino to date that has two teaching languages ​​- initially on a trial basis: Italian and German. A study in 2009 showed that children with knowledge of the dialect had considerable advantages in German-language lessons over previous monolingual Italian classmates.

In contrast to the Cimbri , who see their Cimbrian language with its own writing tradition in the seven communities as a separate language, the Fersentaler see themselves more as German-speaking - taitsch versus balsch ( welsch ). It may play a role here that from 1860 to 1918 there were schools in the Fersental where German was the language of instruction.

literature

grammar

  • Anthony Rowley : Liacht as de sproch. Grammatica della lingua mòchena / grammar of the German heel throat. Istituto Culturale Mòcheno-Cimbro / Cultural Institute for the Fersental and Lusern / Bersntol-Lusérn Cultural Institute, Palù del Fèrsina (Trento) 2003, ISBN 88-900656-1-3 (digitized: PDF )

dictionary

  • Anthony Rowley: Heel Valley Dictionary. Dictionary of the German vernacular of the Fersental in the province of Trient / Northern Italy . Buske, Hamburg 1989 (= Bayreuth contributions to linguistics, dialectology, 2), ISBN 3-87118-593-0

Linguistic Atlas

  • Bruno Schweizer : Cimbrian and heel throat linguistic atlas / Atlante linguistico cimbro e mòcheno . Edited and commented by = edizione curata e commentata da Stefan Rabanus. Istituto Cimbro / Istituto Culturale Mòcheno, Luserna / Palù del Fersina (TN) 2012. ISBN 978-88-95386-02-7

Secondary literature

  • Aristide Baragiola : I mocheni ossia i tedeschi della Valle del Fersina in Trentino. Tip. Emiliana, Venezia 1905.
  • Giovanni Battista Pellegrini (ed.): La Valle del Fèrsina e le isole linguistiche di origine tedesca nel Trentino: Atti del convegno interdisciplinare, Sant'Orsola (Trento), 1–3 September 1978. Museo degli usi e costumi della gente trentina, p Michele all'Adige 1979.
  • Federica Cognola: Costruzioni infinitivali e fenomeni di trasparenza nel dialetto della Valle del Fèrsina In: Quaderni patavini di linguistica 22 (2006), pp. 3-48.
  • Hans Mirtes: The Fersental and the Fersentaler. On the geography, history and folklore of a German-speaking island in Trentino / Northern Italy. Institute for Geography, Regensburg 1996 (= Regensburger geographische Schriften, issue 26).
  • Anthony Rowley: Fersental (Val Fèrsina near Trient / Northern Italy) - Investigation of a linguistic island vernacular. Niemeryer, Tübingen 1986 (= Phonai. Sound library of German languages ​​and dialects, German series, vol. 28; monographs, vol. 18), ISBN 3-484-23131-9 .
  • Anthony Rowley: The dialects of the heel valley. In: Maria Hornung (ed.), The German language islands in the Southern Alps. Mundarten und Volkstum , Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York, 1994 (= Studies on Dialectology, 3; German Linguistics, 124/125), pp. 145–160, ISBN 3-487-09957-8 .
  • Anthony Rowley: The language islands of the Fersentaler and Zimbern. In: Robert Hinderling, Ludwig M. Eichinger (ed.): Handbook of Central European Language Minorities. Narr, Tübingen 1996, pp. 263-285, ISBN 3-8233-5255-5 .
  • Anthony Rowley: "Mocheno e Cimbro". From dialect (s) to language (s)? In: Dieter Stellmacher (Ed.): Dialectology between Tradition and New Approaches: Contributions to the International Dialectologist Conference, Göttingen, 19. – 21. October 1998. Steiner, Stuttgart 2000 (= Journal for Dialectology and Linguistics, Supplement 109), pp. 213-221, ISBN 3-515-07762-6 .
  • Bernhard Wurzer: The German language islands in Northern Italy. 5th, exp. Edition. Athesia, Bozen 1983, ISBN 88-7014-269-8 .
  • Hans Gasser: Poor, but rich in accents. The Mòcheni in Fersental, northern Italy, pride themselves on being a bit backward - and of their own language . In: Die Zeit , No. 26/2008.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ignaz Grandi in a letter to the editor to the daily newspaper Dolomiten on September 29, 1981: "If the Trentinians adopt individual words and designations from German, this would usually be done using the dialect, whereby the 'a' usually becomes 'o'. Wilhelm too Baum takes a position in the same edition of the Dolomites: the interpretation of 'like' seems more correct to him.
  2. ↑ Appartenenza alla popolazione di lingua ladina, mochena e cimbra, per comune di area di residenza (Censimento 2001). (PDF; 27 kB) Annuario Statistico 2006. Provincia Autonoma di Trento. 2007. Read on August 21, 2011.
  3. ↑ Preliminary final result of the 2011 census (PDF; 202 kB), Statistics Office of the Autonomous Province of Trento
  4. ^ Anthony Rowley (2008), p. 8.
  5. ↑ Giulia Gatta: The Influence of the Heel Throat on Learning the German Language - A study carried out in the Florutz elementary school. LEM, Bersntoler Kulturinstitut, December 5, 2010. pp. 12–17.
  6. ^ Anthony R. Rowley: "Mòcheno e Cimbro": From dialect (s) to language (s)? In: Dieter Stellmacher: Dialectology between tradition and new approaches. Contributions from the International Conference of Dialectologists, Göttingen, 19. – 21. October 1998. pp. 213-221. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2000. S 216, 214.