Finnish offensive on the Karelian Isthmus

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The Finnish offensive on the Karelian Isthmus ( Finnish: Karjalankannaksen valtaus) took place in World War II from July 10th to September 5th, 1941 on the northern eastern front and marked the beginning of the fighting in the so-called Continuation War . The attack followed two weeks after the start the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The Finnish offensive was carried out in two phases, during which it was possible to recapture the province of Karelia with the capital Vyborg, which had been lost in the winter war of 1940, in battle with the Soviet troops.

prehistory

After the defeat by the Soviet Union in the winter war, Finland began to work closely with the German Reich at the end of 1940 . In an agreement dated May 25, 1941, the defense of northern Finland was assigned to the German Wehrmacht, which began with Operation Blaufuchs on June 5, as a result of Operation Barbarossa . By June 14, this operation had transferred almost 30,600 German soldiers to Finland.

The most important goal of the Finnish Karelia Army was a breakthrough to the coast of Lake Ladoga , so that the connection between the Soviet 7th and 23rd armies should be severed. The Soviet vanguard deployed on the Karelian Isthmus , consisting of the 168th and 142nd Rifle Divisions, withdrew from the overwhelming forces on June 23 to better defensive positions. On the Soviet side, the 19th Rifle Corps (115th and 142nd Rifle Divisions) and the 50th Rifle Corps (43rd and 123rd Rifle Divisions) and in the reserve the 10th Motorized Corps (21st and 24th Armored Division and 198th Motorized Rifle Division) defended ). The latter corps was withdrawn from Karelia with the 24th Panzer Division at the end of June and relocated to the area southwest of Leningrad to be used there against the expected German troops. Only the 198th Motorized Rifle Division remained in the Soviet 23rd Army as a mobile reserve. The Soviet bombing of Finnish bases on June 25 provided the Finns with a welcome reason to declare war on the Soviet Union.

On the morning of June 25, 1941, the units of the 198th Motorized Rifle Division secured the border area in the forest area near Juskjöärvi. In the Imatra area, on Finnish territory, there was a close land connection between the great Saimaa Lake and the Soviet border. The relative weakness of the Finnish border troops there enabled the Soviet leadership to carry out a counterattack. On July 1, the Soviet command made the decision to use the still available parts of the 21st Panzer Division, which was to attack the right flank of the Finnish troops with the 19th Rifle Corps. Only one battalion and four artillery battalions of the 115th Rifle Division and a reinforced reconnaissance battalion of the 21st Panzer Division had been made available, these forces had the task of securing the Imatra area. The attack on the morning of July 2nd was carried out by units of the 21st Panzer Division, the obstacles of the Finnish border guards were breached and a 4-kilometer-deep penetration into Finnish territory was reached, but the assigned forces soon proved to be too weak to continue the offensive can. When the Soviet troops encountered well-organized resistance on the heights south of Imatra, the Soviet leadership retreated back to their own territory.

The Finnish offensive

At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Finnish army remained in a defensive position; it was not until June 29 that the Supreme Commander of the Finnish Armed Forces gave Marshal Mannerheim the order to prepare the Karelian army under Lieutenant General Erik Heinrichs to attack West Karelia and advance to Lake Ladoga. The Karelia Army initially consisted of the 6th Corps (5th and 11th Divisions), the 7th Corps (7th and 19th Divisions) and the Oinonen group (with 1st Cavalry Brigade, Colonel Oinonen) for the main attack , 1st Jäger Brigade, Colonel Lagus and 2nd Jäger Brigade, Colonel Sundman). The 4th Corps (8th, 10th and 12th Divisions) was to lead the advance on Vyborg on the right wing.

Units involved

Marshal Mannerheim

Finnish Army of Karelia (Lieutenant General Axel Erik Heinrichs )

  • 4th Corps (Lieutenant General Karl Lennart Oesch ) with 8th, 10th and 12th divisions
  • 6th Corps (Major General Paavo Talvela ) with 5th and 11th Divisions
  • 7th Corps (Major General Woldemar Hägglund ) with 7th and 19th divisions
  • Combat group Oinomen (Colonel Woldemar Oinomen ) with 1st Cavalry Brigade and 1st and 2nd Jäger Brigade

Reserve: Finnish 1st and 17th Divisions, German 163rd Infantry Division

Red 23rd Army (Lieutenant General PS Pschennikow )

  • Border guard with 71st, 168th and 142nd rifle divisions
  • 27th and 28th paved room
  • 19th Rifle Corps (General Gerasimow, from August 6th Major General FN Starikow ) with 142nd and 115th Rifle Divisions
  • 50th Rifle Corps (Major General VI Shcherbakov ) with 43rd, 70th and 123rd Rifle Divisions
  • 10th Mechanized Corps (Major General IG Lasarew ) with 21st and 24th Panzer Divisions and 198th Motorized Rifle Division
  • Group Astanin (General AN Astanin ) with 177th and 191st Rifle Divisions and 8th Rifle Brigade

First phase July 10th to 25th

The Finnish offensive began on July 10th on a broad front between Pyhajärvi via Korpiselka to Imatra, the main attack of the 6th Corps was aimed at Jänisjärvi, the Soviet defense quickly collapsed in front of the Finnish 5th Division. The Soviets had prepared field fortifications along the border to Sortavala and at the important crossroads in Värtsilä and Korpiselkä. The Finns took Tolvajärvi and Kokari by July 12, while the 1st Jäger Brigade (Colonel Lagus) continued to advance on Vuksu and Muvanto until July 14.

The left wing of the Finns, the 11th Division on the Värtsila-Manervaara line, encountered strong Soviet resistance near Soanlakti on the east bank of Lake Jänisjärvi . Strong Soviet defense measures temporarily halted the offensive. It was not until July 15 that the Finns were able to break through the main Soviet line of defense. After the 11th Division had defeated the enemy, they also advanced further, bypassed the southern end of Lake Jänisjärvi and advanced along the Jänisjoki River in a south-westerly direction. At the same time the Finnish 7th Corps had attacked on the west side of Lake Jänisjärvi with the 7th Division to the south. On the Soviet side, the 168th Rifle Division defended in the area north of Sortavala and the 71st Rifle Division to the south and on Lake Jänisjärvi.

The advance on the left flank of the 6th Corps slowed down, the two brigades of the Oinonen Combat Group almost came to a standstill. General Talvela initially assessed the advance of General Oinonen's group as a failure and criticized General Heinrichs' order to deploy light troops against strong Soviet positions. The advance in the middle of the 6th Corps towards Loimola continued successfully after the Soviet resistance had been broken at Soanlakti. Loimola was occupied by forces of the 6th Corps on July 15 and the railway line between Sortavala and Petrozavodsk was cut off.

General Talvela pushed his forces forward. The 1st Jäger Brigade ended their 110 km advance when they reached the shores of Lake Ladoga in Koirinoja the next day. While Talvela continued his advance further east along the shores of Lake Ladoga as well as inland, the Soviets had reorganized part of their armed forces and strengthened the new line of defense on the east bank of Lake Ladoga. The 452 Motorized Rifle Regiment set up defensive positions near Salmi. The advancing Finnish forces surrounded the defenders and were able to occupy Salmi on July 21.

On July 16, the 6th Corps was able to cut the connection between the Soviet 23rd and the eastern 7th Army with flank attacks at Leppäsnärvi, Kitelä and Käsmaselka. At the same time, the Stawka struggled to contain the more dangerous German attack in the Baltic States and withdrew all available units from Karelia. The withdrawal of the remnants of the 21st Panzer Division deprived the 23rd Army of its mobile reserve; the 237th Rifle Division was brought in for reinforcements. On July 17, the 5th and 11th Divisions on Jänisjoki were staggered to the west in order to continue to take action against the Salmi and Tulenjärvi line. On the same day, the Finnish 7th Corps also reached the Jänisjoki section, the evacuation of a cauldron around Soviet armed forces tied the 7th Division until July 21.

Since the Finnish advance had lengthened the front, the Finnish armed forces had to be reorganized. On July 16, the Finnish 1st Division, drawn from the reserve, was ordered to cover the eastern flank of the advance, while the Finnish 17th Division, which had left the observation of the Soviet naval base at Hankö to the local troops, was ordered to the area of ​​Värtsila was to free the 11th Division, which in turn was assigned against Sortavala. The German 163rd Infantry Division (General Engelbrecht ), consisting of only two regiments and advanced from Tohmajärvi to Lake Suojärvi , was ordered to take the city and railway junction of Suvilahti in East Karelia. On July 17, the 17th Division advanced via Käsnäsjärvi to Tulemajärvi and was able to occupy Palalohti on the south bank of Lake Tulemajärvi by July 20.

After 6th Corps reached Manssila and the old border on July 23, Mannerheim ordered a stop the next day to advance further east and prepare the forces to prepare defensive positions along the Tulema River. Crossing the border from 1939 was not right for many Finns and over 2,000 soldiers initially refused to cross the old border. Vitelle (Wiolliza) is reached on July 24th, whereupon the Soviet troops withdrew to the Tuulosjoki section on Lake Ladoga.

The Finnish 7th Division (Colonel Antero Svensson) attacked together with the 19th Division (Colonel Esa Hannuksela) from the east and captured Ruskeala on July 25, whereby the Finns created a unified front against the Soviet defenders of Sortavala. The Soviets had entrusted the defense of this region to the 168th Rifle Division, which was reinforced with the 198th Motorized Division and prepared a counterattack on the Janisjoki River. The Finns were able to find out about the Soviet plans early enough and quickly contain the Soviet counterattack. Both sides stayed on the defensive, only small units made small attacks to improve the positions they had reached. The Soviet defense concentrated on this on the river Vuoksi and along the roads there, the Finns concentrated their armed forces opposite on roadless terrain, supported by pioneer units, which laid new paths through forests and swamps to secure supplies.

Second phase July 31st to September 5th

A provisional ceasefire lasted until July 31, when the attack of the 2nd Corps under General Laatikainen launched a new offensive by the Finns. Three newly organized Finnish corps attacked between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland : The 2nd Corps, consisting of the 2nd, 15th and 18th Divisions, stood north of the Vuoksi River and the 4th Corps, consisting of the 4th, 8th and 12th division. The Finnish 5th Corps had been disbanded and the associated 10th Division was transferred to the 4th Corps (Lieutenant General Oesch), then transferred to the 2nd Corps (Major General Laatikainen) as a reserve at the end of July.

Lieutenant General MN Gerasimov was appointed as the new leader of the Soviet 23rd Army in early August . The loss of reserves forced the Soviet forces to retreat to lines that were easier to defend in the northernmost part of the front. Defense lines were laid out with wooden bunkers and ditches were secured with minefields. The Finnish 18th Division (Colonel Aaro Pajari) advanced through the woods and attacked the northern flank of the Soviet 115th Rifle Division, whose units were retreating through the woods. The Finns advanced to keep in touch with the enemy. The main connection points were occupied by strong units that were able to successfully defend themselves against several Soviet counter-attacks supported by tanks.

Lieutenant General Gerasimov ordered the 198th Rifle Division to launch a counterattack in the Sortavala area on August 4 to support the advancing 2nd and 142nd Rifle Divisions. At the same time, the 43rd and 115th Rifle Divisions were supposed to tie up Finnish reserves. Last intention failed early, the 115th Division had to retreat towards Helisevänjoki, where a river offered good defensive positions against the attacking Finnish 18th Division. The Finns were able to bypass Soviet troops at Ilmee until August 4th, forcing the Soviet forces to also vacate their prepared positions between Ilmee and the border.

The Finnish 2nd Division (Colonel Aarne Blick) dispatched two battalions of the 7th Infantry Regiment to reach the encirclement of the 461 Soviet Rifle Regiment entrenched near the village of Tyrjä and forced the defenders to retreat towards Lake Tyrjänjärvi during the 28th Infantry Regiment crossed the occupied village and continued southward. With the support of the artillery, the Soviet troops trapped in a cauldron managed to hold out for four days. Some troops escaped through the woods, but the crowd and all their equipment fell into Finnish hands. The occupation of Tyrjä opened the road to the Elisenvaara railway junction and on August 5th the first Finnish units reached the Vyborg-Sortavala railway line. In the meantime, the 28th Infantry Regiment of the Finnish 2nd Division had occupied Elisenvaara on August 9, opening a supply line for supplies. After the fighting near Tyrjä, the 7th Infantry Regiment received two days of rest before taking part in the attack along the railway line to Lahdenpohja, which was secured until August 8th.

The Finnish 15th Division (Colonel Nilo Hersalo) attacked the 142nd Rifle Division from July 31st and concentrated the attack against a section of the Rifle Regiment 588, only 2 kilometers wide, where most of its own artillery could be used. After breaking through the border guards, the Finns entered the woods for 5 km before reaching the road, bypassing the Soviet defenses, which were surrounded by troops one by one. After a 6-day attack, the 15th Division was only 3 km from the railway line between Vyborg and Sortavala and 15 km from the western corner of Lake Ladoga and also threatened the left flank of the Soviet armed forces.

The Finnish 10th Division (Colonel Jussi Sihvo) advanced together with the 15th Division and reached the railway line from Vyborg to Sortavala on August 6, the 18th Division also closed against the railway line at Inkila on August 8. The 10th Division continued the attack against the Käkisalmi - Hiitola railway line, the Soviet troops were able to keep the railway line open until August 8 and then had to evacuate the village of Hiitola. When the 10th Division reached Lake Ladoga the following day, the last landing of Soviet reinforcements defending the northwestern shore of the lake was interrupted. On August 10th and 11th, the Soviet armed forces tried in vain to re-establish contact with counter-attacks. On the same day, the 2nd Division was transferred to the 1st Corps (General Mäkinen), drawn from the reserve, in order to clean up the northern Soviet bridgehead on Lake Ladoga. It was left to the Finnish 10th and 15th Divisions to clear the Soviet bridgehead, where the units of the 142nd and 198th Rifle Divisions were ordered to retreat to the island of Kilpolansaari to be evacuated by the Navy. This withdrawal took place in an orderly manner and the Finns were unable to encircle any larger units. On August 11th, the Finnish 15th Division was able to occupy the railway junction at Hiitola and by August 13th all Soviet troops had to withdraw to the islands of Huiskonniemi-Halvøen and Kilpolansaari. With the help of their own air superiority, however, the Soviet armed forces succeeded in withdrawing almost all troops and supplies from the bridgehead. The Finnish 15th Division pressed on for over a week to defeat all the pockets of resistance on the island. On August 13, the 1st Corps (General Einar Mäkinen) took over the positions of the 7th Corps on the Janisjärvi-Sortavala line with the 2nd, 7th and 19th divisions. The 7th Corps, however, was relocated to Hyrsylä and Viljärvi and inserted between the 6th Corps and the German 163rd Infantry Division in order to break down the Soviet defense between Aitojoki and Suvilahti. In the eastern section the Finns and Germans made only very slow progress; the front line from Kuolisma to Porajärvi could not be advanced until the end of August.

Crossing the Vuoksi section

The Red Army was planning a new counter-offensive on August 10, and the 23rd Army had been sent the 265th Rifle Division to reinforce it in Räisälä. The offensive was to be led in the direction of the preceding Finnish 10th and 18th divisions in order to re-establish the connection with the encircled armed forces on the northwestern bank of Lake Ladoga. The Soviet counterattack against the Finnish 10th Division began on August 14th and the Finns could be thrown back 2 km to the north for a short time, until the arrival of Finnish reinforcements restored the situation. The 10th Division left the shores of Lake Ladoga after it had been vacated by the 36th Infantry Regiment of the 15th Division and concentrated its forces at Räisälä (now Melnikowo) against the 265th Rifle Division. On August 15th the attack of the Finnish 10th Division began, which the Soviet defenders in Räisälä defeated by August 17th and occupied the city the next day, from here the Finns cleared the left bank of the Vuoksi River. The Finnish 18th Division had orders to continue the advance on the same day. When the Soviet attack started at Inkilä, the Finns began their own advance only 5 km further west. While the Soviet attack did not penetrate, the Finns succeeded in pushing the Soviet armed forces south, the first Finnish troops reached the Vuoksi River on August 14 at Antrea (now Kamennogorsk). The Soviet troops began to bring their forces from the southwestern apron of Vyborg to defend Enso (Swetogorsk) and to launch a counterattack against Antrea on August 16. When the attack failed, however, the Soviet forces had to completely vacate the held bridgehead on the north bank of the Vuoksi on August 21. On the east side the Finns advanced further south and reached Vuosalmi on August 17th and the northern inlet to Vuoksi on August 18th. The Finnish troops crossed the Vuoksi River without encountering any resistance at Vuosalmi and were able to build a southern bridgehead by August 20. On August 19, the 43rd Infantry Regiment of the Finnish 10th Division continued their advance southwards and reached Lake Suvanto on August 21 . From there it went further east together with the 1st Infantry Regiment. This advance threatened all Soviet forces north of Vuoksi with the encirclement. The Red Army began to withdraw from Käkisalmi, which was captured by the Finns on August 21. The Finnish attack continued south, reaching the Taipalenjoki River and the shores of Lake Ladoga on August 23, but not yet crossed.

The Soviet high command recognized the seriousness of the situation and on August 20 ordered a general retreat from the Vuoksi section to the new, prepared defense line that ran north from Vyborg to Lake Suvanto and there through the Taipalenjoki River to Lake Ladoga. This decision shortened the front considerably, but also meant the abandonment of the defense positions that had been prepared along the border in recent months. When the Finns found that the Soviet forces were vacating their positions on August 21, the pursuit began. Although the Soviet 43rd Rifle Division (Major General V. Kirpitsnikow) had already filled new positions, they could not prevent the Finnish 12th Division (Colonel Vihma) from being transferred to the northern and western aprons of Vyborg after merging with the 18th Division continued to advance on the right bank of the Vuoksi River.

On August 20, General Erfurth announced to Marshal Mannerheim that the chief of OKW, Field Marshal Keitel, had sent a letter calling on the Finns to attack Leningrad from the north. When Keitel's request became known, President Ryti and Mannerheim jointly prepared a rejection. Mannerheim pointed to practical difficulties and admitted that the opposition of both political and military leadership opposed this attack. The Social Democrats in particular spoke out against crossing the old Finnish border.

Fight for Vyborg August 23-29

General Karl Lennart Oesch (right) in the re-conquered Vyborg in 1941

The Finnish 12th Division enlarged its southern bridgehead over the Vuoksi at Vuosalmi, and on the evening of August 22nd the right bank was almost entirely in the hands of the 4th Corps (Lieutenant General Oesch). The Finnish 4th Division (Colonel Viljanen) advanced along the Saimaa Canal and exerted heavy pressure on the Soviet 43rd Rifle Division from the north. The 115th Rifle Division (Major General Konjkow), which had withdrawn via the Vuoksi, was not yet adequately defensible in their new positions due to the rapid retreat. The Soviet 123rd Rifle Division (Major General F. Aljabusew) also defended the south-western apron of Vyborg. During August 23, the Finnish 2nd Corps had also advanced 8 km from Vyborg from the east. On the left wing of the 4th Corps (12th Division), the Finnish 18th Division launched an attack to the south-east between Lake Muolaanjärvi and Vuoksi on August 23.

On the morning of August 24, the 115th and 123rd Rifle Divisions made an attempt east of Vyborg to throw the Finns back to the north side of the Vuoksi River. Using heavy artillery, the Soviet forces managed to push the Finns back over 5 km in some places, but failed to cut gaps in the enemy lines. When the reserve of the Finnish 12th Division, the 26th Infantry Regiment, arrived as reinforcements, the Soviet armed forces were pushed back to their starting points the next day. The Soviet counterattack had no effect on the already ordered attack by the 12th Division, which on August 25 interrupted the important rail link between Vyborg and Leningrad. The southern operating Finnish 8th Division (Colonel Winell) already cleared the coast of the bay from Vyborg to the river Jäkspäänjoki and prepared to cross the local bay.

On the morning of August 24, the Finnish 8th Division initiated the crossing of Vyborg Bay with troops from the 45th Infantry Regiment to the Lihaniemi Peninsula, which they were able to secure on the same day. The next day they continued their attacks and managed to interrupt the last rail connection to Vyborg in the afternoon. In the meantime, on August 26th, units of the 2nd Division introduced from the reserve replaced the 18th Division between Lake Kirkkojärvi and Lake Punnusjärvi and then the 10th Division to the Vuoksi River. After the last resistance tanks on the northwestern bank of Lake Ladoga had been cleared, the 1st Corps moved to Vuoksi, where it took over the command of the 10th and 15th Divisions. The 18th Division reached the peninsula on Lake Punnusjärvi on August 27 and rested for a day before occupying the Kivennapa (Pervomaiskoje) junction on August 29. The 12th Division also continued its offensive to the southwest and on August 27 cut off the main road between Vyborg and Leningrad.

On August 28th the Stavka of the 23rd Army gave permission to withdraw from Vyborg and create a new line of defense on the old Mannerheim Line . Over the next two days, Soviet forces repeatedly tried to reopen the rail link along Vyborg Bay, but by the late evening of August 30, the 3rd Infantry Regiment of the 12th Division reached the positions of the 8th Division. A large kettle (Motti) could be closed at Porlampi. While the Soviet troops tried to break out the next day and the Finnish encirclement was getting tighter, the soldiers tried to flee through the woods on foot. Almost 12,000 men escaped before the ring closed completely. The encirclement was already too narrow, and only small groups were able to seep out of the encirclement last night. In the morning, demoralized troops began to surrender: 9,000 men surrendered and 7,000 soldiers were buried there. Large amounts of material were captured: 306 cannons, 55 tanks, 673 trucks, almost 300 tractors and around 4,500 horses.

Conclusion of the operations and consequences

The Soviet retreat was restored to order along the main road and the railway line between Vyborg and Leningrad, and a new line of defense on the old Mannerheim Line was taken. The Finnish 12th Division occupied Leipäsuo at the end of August and advanced further south-west towards Lake Kuolemanjärvi. The Soviet positions on the main street of Summa were surrounded by the Finns by breaking through the Soviet positions at Munasuo. The defending remnants of the Soviet 123rd Division were only able to withstand the Finnish advance in a few places and retreated further in the direction of Leningrad.

On the morning of August 30, the Finnish 12th Division crossed the Primosk-Koivisto railway line to Leningrad at Kuolemanjärvi and reached the Gulf of Finland on the same day. At Vammelsuu, too, the 12th Division broke the railway line that evening, but was unable to cross the main road because of Soviet resistance. Here, too, the Gulf of Finland was reached the following morning and the attack continued to the east as far as Terijoki. The terminus of the railway line to Valkjärvi was captured on August 31, and the Soviet troops were instructed to withdraw from the southern bank of the Vuoksi River beyond the old border. Terijoki was occupied on August 31, and the old border at Rajajoki was reached the next day. The encircled Soviet troops in Koivisto withdrew to the islands, and the Soviet fleet transferred these formations to Leningrad.

On August 31, the military attaché General Erfurth turned again to Marshal Mannerheim and suggested to the Finns not to lead the attack on East Karelia planned for September 4 and to attack Leningrad instead. President Ryti and Mannerheim refused again. On August 31, Mannerheim ordered the advance to be stopped after securing the Rajajoki River and the Ohta border.

In this last phase the Red 23rd Army had assembled six rifle divisions and a number of independent units defending Leningrad from the north, but these units were no longer fully effective because of the fierce fighting with the Finns. The 15th Division pursued the retreating Soviet forces and on September 2nd the old border was reached all along the line. The 12th Division had already reached the goal on September 1st. The 18th Division captured Mainila on September 2nd and Valkeasaari (Beloostrow) the next day. On September 5, both the 2nd and 18th Divisions had reached their destinations between the Rajajoki and Ohta rivers. The commander of the 1st Corps, Colonel Mäkinen, ordered his troops to advance to the old border of Lake Ohta Lempaalanjärvi, with the addition that the offensive should be stopped if they encountered excessive resistance.

The East Karelia Army began the Finnish invasion of East Karelia on September 4th, focusing on Lake Onega and against Petrozavodsk with the aim of reaching the Svir River . At the beginning of December, the entire length of the Swir section was reached and the Finnish armed forces went on the defensive.

literature

  • Waldemar Erfurth : The Finnish War 1941–1944 , Limes Verlag, Wiesbaden 1977.
  • Vesa Nenye / Peter Munter / Tony Wirtanen / Chris Birks: Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing 2016.
  • Henrik O. Lunde: Finland's War of Choice : The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II. Newbury: Casemate Publishers 2011.
  • Ari Raunio: Sotatoimet, Suomen sotien 1939–45 kulku kartoin , Genimap, 2005.
  • Olavi Antila: Suomi Suursodassa, Finland i storkriget , Gummerus, 1984.
  • Päivi Tapola: Ajan paino - Jalkaväenkenraali , KA Tapolan elämä, Tammi, 2004.