Flooding water crowfoot
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Flooding water crowfoot ( Ranunculus fluitans ) |
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The flooding water crowfoot ( Ranunculus fluitans ), also called the flooding buttercup , is a species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). This species is often found in large numbers in fast-flowing rivers and streams. During the flowering period, the water surface looks from a distance as if it were covered by a white layer.
description
The flooding water crowfoot is an evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant . This flowing water plant has stems that can reach lengths of up to 6 meters, with the distance between the stem nodes being up to 35 centimeters long. Floating leaves are rarely developed by this species. The shape of the leaves is completely different from that of plants that live on land and adapted to the conditions in flowing water. The coarse, stalked underwater leaves are broken up into long, parallel thread-like leaf lobes. They are finely divided several times into a fork shape, have a length of at least 8 centimeters and egg-shaped stipules , three quarters of which are fused with the petiole.
The flowers appear above water between June and August. The hermaphrodite, radially symmetrical flowers have a diameter of up to 2 centimeters. The five green tepals are protruding and between 4 and 6.5 millimeters long. The five white honey leaves , yellow at the base, are undivided and usually 7 to 10 (5 to 13) millimeters in length, egg to pear-shaped. There are between 20 and 35 stamens .
The collective fruits protrude slightly above the water surface on sturdy stems and contain 34 to 63 nuts. The sparsely hairy to bald nuts are about 1 millimeter in size, oval and mostly smooth with two noses at the ends.
The species is diploid to tetraploid, its chromosome number is 2n = 16, 24 or 32.
Distribution and ecology
The flooding water crowfoot is common in southern and central Europe and Great Britain . It is a submeridional to north temperate floral element . Its distribution area is limited to Europe. It is particularly adapted to fluctuating water levels. If the water body dries up, it can also develop a landform. The habitat of the flooding water crowfoot is flowing, oxygen-rich and cool water. The flooding water crowfoot can therefore be found in streams and rivers from the plain to middle mountain ranges. In nutrient-rich rivers, entire sections of the river can be densely overgrown up to the surface, where it is often stock-forming.
The flood buttercup is a characteristic of the flood buttercup waters (Ranunculion fluitantis), especially in the company of the Ranunculetum fluitantis. It is ecologically important as an oxygen producer and as a spawning plant.
As ecological pointer values according to Ellenberg , the flooding water crowfoot is given as an oceanic light plant for moderately warm to warm underwater locations. It occurs in water up to 4 meters deep.
The hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by insects or by self-pollination . To spread the diaspores, the flooding water crowfoot uses the very effective spread of water . Often the flowers are submerged and are then sterile, but torn stem parts can take root and thus contribute to the vegetative reproduction of the plant. When the water level is high, the flowers can remain cleistogamous .
Systematics
The first publication of Ranunculus fluitans was made in 1779 by Lamarck in Flore Françoise, ou Descriptions Succinctes de Toutes les Plantes qui Croissent Naturellement en France ... Paris , 3: 184. For Ranunculus fluitans Lam. there are a number of synonyms : Ranunculus aquatilis subsp. peucedanifolius Ehrh. , Ranunculus fluviatilis Web. , Ranunculus peucedanifolius (Ehrh.) All. , Ranunculus aquatilis var. Fluviatilis (Wigg.) With. , Batrachium fluviatile (Web.) Gray , Batrachium peucedanifolium (Ehrh.) Dum. , Batrachium fluitans (Lam.) Wimm.
Hazards and protective measures
Since this species is widespread and no threats are known, it is listed by the IUCN in the Least Concern category.
Sources and further information
The article is mainly based on the following documents:
- Flooding water crowfoot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
literature
- Christian Wegner: Ranunculus fluitans and Rheinfallschaum: connections, analysis and ecotoxicological significance . EchinoMeida Bürgel 2002, ISBN 3-9807629-2-0 (At the same time dissertation Uni Jena 2001 under the title: Ranunculus fluitans Lamk. And Rheinfallschaum ).
- Oskar Sebald : Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
- Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 221, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 221, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 221, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 416-417 .
- ^ Ranunculus fluitans in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Listed by: Lansdown, RV, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
- ^ Christian Wegner: Foam formation at the Rhine Falls , August 2001
Web links
- Description on Schmitzen's botany page .
- Flooding water crowfoot . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Ranunculus fluitans Lam. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 20, 2015.
- Area map for the northern hemisphere at Den virtuella floran .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
photos
- 14 photos of the water buttercup (Ranunculus fluitans)
- 6 pictures of the water buttercup (Ranunculus fluitans)
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