Research funding

As research funding by government or economically motivated effort is called, for the advancement of science and technology financial and organizational resources to provide. In Germany, when it comes to funding research, a distinction must be made between funding from i. d. Usually temporary research projects and the more long-term institutional funding of research institutions.

State research funding in Germany

In Germany there are federal and state government agencies - in addition to broad state-financed institutional funding for research at universities , federal and state-funded institutional funding for science organizations (see also Alliance of German Science Organizations ) and federally-funded funding for federal institutes with research tasks (so-called departmental research ) - diverse instruments for research funding (e.g. by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research or the Bavarian State Ministry for Science, Research and the Arts ). The ministries provide their funds for research funding, for example within the framework of funding programs . These are partly supervised by project sponsors .

In addition, there are government research funding instruments where funds can be transferred directly to scientists or research companies, e.g. via the German Research Foundation (DFG). Research funding generally takes place within the framework of selection processes ( reports, etc.) in which the submitted research projects are assessed by external experts.

State research funding in other countries

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In other countries, too, research funding in the state and university sector is usually provided through the establishment and financial allocation of funding funds (see e.g. Austrian funds FFF and FWF ). Funding from the European Commission also plays a major role, especially in the context of its research framework programs . In 2011, the joint research funding from the federal and state governments in Germany totaled around 8.562 billion euros.

Other instruments

In addition, broad-based instruments for indirect research funding are gaining in importance internationally. International research funding or patronage by UNESCO and the IAEA has been mentioned since the 1960s , which also enables national and regional funding (cf. the International Center for Theoretical Physics , Trieste, as a model ). Many industrialized countries and most OECD and EU countries have instruments for tax research subsidies . These largely technology-open instruments promote research without unnecessarily burdening scientists or companies with bureaucracy. The BDI has drawn up a detailed proposal for the introduction of tax research funding. In Germany, tax research funding was decided in 2019.

In Germany, in addition to the state sponsors of research, there are also a large number of foundations that fund research with project funds , grants , prizes and the like. a. promote. Examples are the Volkswagen Foundation or the Hertie Foundation .

The Federation of German Industries e. V. (BDI) provides information on funding programs on its BDI Technology Transfer Helpdesk .

A number of foundations are grouped under the umbrella of the Stifterverband .

criticism

In the course of the discussion about Open Science and Open Science , the traditional state and tax-financed research funding, especially its lack of transparency, bureaucracy and the lack of involvement of the scientific communities, was criticized. Opportunities for the transparent participation of specialist scientists were suggested as forms of open research funding; these are partly based on concepts of alternative financing through crowdfunding and social payments .

See also

• Scientific enterprise
• Science community
• Science policy , education policy , university policy
• Major research
• Plan S
• Top university

Web links

• BDI help desk technology transfer
• Funding in research (BMBF)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ quoted from Karl Ulrich Mayer : Productive path dependencies. A contribution to the discussion on the relationship between university and non-university research in the context of the Excellence Initiative, Introduction, page 11, in: Wissenschaftsppolitik im Dialog - a series of publications by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, 2012 online ( Memento of the original from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info : The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
2. ↑ BMBF internet editorial office: Cabinet decides on tax research funding - BMBF. Retrieved August 23, 2019 . 
3. ↑ Jörg Eisfeld-Reschke, Ulrich Herb & Karsten Wenzlaff (2014). Research Funding in Open Science. In S. Bartling & S. Friesike (eds.), Opening Science (pp. 237-253). Heidelberg: Springer. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-319-00026-8_16 (currently not available)
4. ↑ Ulrich Herb (2014). Open science's final frontier ( memento of the original dated September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Research Europe, July 31, 2014