Gender distribution in Wikipedia

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Gender distribution in all Wikimedia projects according to a study by the Wikimedia Foundation 2018

The article Gender Distribution in Wikipedia presents research results as well as possible consequences and causes resulting from the predominantly male authorship of Wikipedia.

In 2018, the proportion of women in all Wikimedia projects was only nine percent. There are also less extensive articles about women and less important topics for women. This is one of the most common criticisms of Wikipedia , sometimes as part of a more general criticism of Wikipedia's systematic bias. The Wikimedia Foundation , which operates Wikipedia, shares this criticism and has made an ongoing effort to increase the number of female editors at Wikipedia. There were Edit-a-thons held to encourage editors and increase the coverage of women's issues.

research results

A 2015 survey of contributors on Wikipedia found that less than 15% of contributors were women. This gender-specific contribution has received a lot of attention from researchers and the media. Groups of researchers and practitioners gave multiple opinions as to why this problem occurs. The literature on gender studies shows that the difference in the percentages could be due to three factors: (1) the high level of conflict in the discussions, (2) the aversion to critical environments and (3) the lack of trust in the work of others Edit authors. As a result, Wikipedia has been criticized by academics and journalists for being mostly male authors and for having less in-depth articles on women or topics important to women. The New York Times noted that the female participation rate on Wikipedia might be in line with other "public thought leadership forums". In 2009, a survey by the Wikimedia Foundation found that 6% of authors who made more than 500 changes were female, with the average male author making twice as many changes.

In the English Wikipedia and five other language editions examined by the researchers, the ratio of articles about women to articles about men was higher than in three other databases. However, an analysis using computational linguistics found that the way women and men are described in articles are biased, with articles about women being more likely to use more words related to gender and family. The researchers believe this is a sign that Wikipedia authors are considering “zero gender” to be masculine (in other words, assuming “masculine” unless otherwise noted, an example of masculine as the norm). Another criticism of Wikipedia's approach, taken from a 2014 Guardian editorial , is that it struggles to make judgments about "what is relevant". To illustrate this point, they noted that the article listing pornographic actresses is more organized than the article listing female writers.

In 2008, the Pew Research Center (Pew) and the Wikimedia Foundation together with the United Nations University (UNU) carried out two representative surveys in the USA on the proportions of Wikipedia readers and authors. The following table compares the results; the adjusted figures for the authors assume that the response bias for the authors is identical to the response bias observed for the readers; the far right column assumes the bias is stable for non-US authors:

Shares Reader USA (Pew) Reader USA (UNU) Authors USA (UNU) Authors USA adj. Authors (UNU) Authors adj.
Women 49.0% 39.9% 17.8% 22.7% 12.7% 16.1%
Married 60.1% 44.1% 30.9% 36.3% 33.2% 38.4%
children 36.0% 29.4% 16.4% 27.6% 14.4% 25.3%
immigrant 10.1% 14.4% 12.1% 09.8% 08.2% 07.4%
students 17.7% 29.9% 46.0% 38.5% 47.7% 40.3%

In 2010, the United Nations University and UNU-MERIT jointly presented an overview of the results of a global Wikipedia survey. A January 30, 2011 article in the New York Times cited this collaboration with the Wikimedia Foundation , which found that less than 13% of Wikipedia contributors are women. Sue Gardner , the foundation's executive director at the time, said that as diversity increases, the key is to make the encyclopedia "the best it can". Among the factors that may prevent women from editing the encyclopedia, the article cited u. a. the "compulsive, fact-loving area", associations with the "driving hacker crowd" and the need to "be open to very difficult, conflicted people, even misogynists".

In 2013, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw's survey results were challenged by using corrective estimation techniques to suggest upward corrections to the survey data and recommending updates to statistics on the studied data, which was 22.7% for US adult female authors and 16.1% overall.

In February 2011, the New York Times made a series of statements on this topic under the title "Where Are the Women in Wikipedia?" (German "Where are the women in Wikipedia?") Susan C. Herring, professor for Information science and linguistics said she wasn't surprised by the gender gap between Wikipedia's authors. She said the often controversial nature of the "talk pages" of Wikipedia articles, on which the content of the articles is discussed, is unattractive, "if not intimidating" for many women. Joseph M. Reagle responded similarly, saying that the combination of a “culture of hacking elitism” combined with the disproportionate impact of high-conflict members (a minority) on the community atmosphere can make it unattractive. He said, “The ideology and rhetoric of freedom and openness can then be used to (a) suppress concerns about inappropriate or offensive language as“ censorship ”and (b) low participation of women simply as a matter of personal preference and Rationalize choice ”. Justine Cassell said that while women are as knowledgeable as men and can defend their point of view, “it is still the case in American society that often the debate, argument and vigorous defense of one's position is still considered a manly one Attitude and that the use of these language styles by women can generate negative evaluations ”.

The International Journal of Communication published research by Reagle and Lauren Rhue examining the coverage, gender representation, and article length of thousands of biographical topics on Wikipedia and the online encyclopedia Encyclopædia Britannica . They concluded that Wikipedia generally offers better coverage and longer articles, that Wikipedia typically has more articles on women than Britannica in absolute terms , but Wikipedia articles on women are more likely to be absent than articles on men compared to Britannica . That said, Wikipedia was superior to Britannica in biographical coverage, but even more so when it comes to men. Similarly, Britannica could be said to be more balanced than Wikipedia in terms of the selection of people featured in the encyclopedia. In both reference works, the length of the articles did not consistently differ by gender.

In April 2011 the Wikimedia Foundation conducted its first bi-annual Wikipedia survey. It found that 9% of Wikipedia's authors are women. She also reported: “Contrary to the perception of some, our data shows that very few editors feel harassed, and very few perceive Wikipedia as a sexualized environment”. However, an October 2011 contribution to the International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration found evidence that Wikipedia may have " a culture that may be resistant to women's participation ".

A study published in 2014 found that there is also an “Internet skills gap” among Wikipedia authors. The researchers found that the most likely Wikipedia contributors are high-skilled men and that there are no gender differences among low-skilled editors. In 2010–2014, women made up 61% of participants in the Wiki Education Foundation's college courses that included editing Wikipedia as part of the curriculum. It found that their contributions helped shift the content of Wikipedia from pop culture and STEM to the social sciences and humanities. Also in 2014, Noopur Raval, a PhD student at UC Irvine, wrote in The Encyclopedia Must Fail! - Notes on Queering Wikipedia that "Making a platform openly accessible does not automatically mean equal participation, easy access or cultural acceptance of the medium" .

In 2016 Claudia Wagner et al. found that gender inequality manifests itself in a variety of ways in Wikipedia's biographical content, including unequal thresholds for determining a topic's awareness, thematic bias, linguistic bias, and structural inequalities. The researchers found that when the authors determine whether a topic is noteworthy enough to be included on Wikipedia, they give women a higher standard of notability, which means that women are generally viewed slightly more notably on Wikipedia than men. As for thematic bias, biographies about women tend to focus more on family, gender, and relational issues. This is especially true for biographies of women born before 1900. The researchers also found structural differences related to metadata and hyperlinks that affect information searches. A 2017 study found that women who take part in an experiment by editing a Wikipedia-like site tend to view other writers as male and be more critical of their responses than if the other author were gender neutral . The study came to the following conclusion:

“… Visible female authors on Wikipedia and wider encouragement to use constructive feedback could begin to narrow the gender gap on Wikipedia. In addition, the relatively high proportion of anonymous editors can exacerbate the gender gap at Wikipedia, as anonymity is often perceived as masculine and more critical. "

Also in 2017, researchers Matthew A. Vetter and Keon Mandell Pettiway declare that the white, cis-gendered male dominance among Wikipedia editors has led to an “erasure of non-normative gender and sexual identities” in addition to the cis -Gender women. The “androcentric and heteronormative discourses” of Wikipedia authorship allow “marginalized gender and sexual identities to participate insufficiently in the use of language and in the construction of knowledge”.

A study by Ford and Wajcman finds that research on gender bias continues to present the problem as a deficit in women. In contrast, their central argument is that infrastructure studies in feminist technosciences raise gender analysis to a further level. It deals with three questions within the infrastructure: content politics, software and the legalistic framework. It is suggested that progress can be made by changing this culture of the knowledge society by promoting alternative knowledge, removing the technical barriers for authors, and addressing the complexities of Wikipedia policies.

In February 2018, in the Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities, Shaw and Hargittai concluded from their studies that solving the problems of participation inequality, including gender biases, requires a broader focus on issues other than inequality. They recommended that emphasis be placed on encouraging participants of all educational backgrounds, skill levels, and ages to improve Wikipedia. They also recommended that in order to eradicate gender bias, it is critical to let more women know that Wikipedia is freely editable and accessible to everyone.

In March 2018, mathematician Marie A. Vitulli wrote in Notices of the American Mathematical Society , “ The percentage of women authors on Wikipedia is still alarmingly low. "

In October 2018, when Donna Strickland received the Nobel Prize in Physics , numerous reports mentioned that she did not previously have a Wikipedia page. A draft had been submitted but was rejected because it did not show "significant coverage (not just by redundant mentions) on the subject".

Possible causes

Sue Gardner street portrait
The former managing director of the Wikimedia Foundation, Sue Gardner , gave nine reasons given by Wikipedia authors: "Why women don't edit Wikipedia".

Several causes of gender disparity were cited. A 2010 study found a female Wikipedia participation rate of 13 percent, which is close to the 15 percent total participation of women in other “public thought leadership forums”. Wikipedia research fellow Sarah Stierch admitted that it was "fairly common" for Wikipedia contributors to remain gender-neutral. A culture that is perceived as unwelcome and tolerance of violent and offensive language are also reasons for the gender gap. According to a 2013 study, another cause of the gender gap on Wikipedia is the failure to attract and retain female authors, which negatively affects the gender balance on Wikipedia. In addition, Wikipedia “... authors who publicly identify as women are discriminated against by other Wikipedia authors”.

Former director of the Wikimedia Foundation, Sue Gardner, gave nine reasons, chosen from comments by Wikipedia authors, why women don't edit Wikipedia:

  • lack of usability in the editing interface
  • not enough free time
  • lack of self-confidence
  • Conflict aversion and unwillingness to participate in lengthy so-called "edit wars" (mutual resetting of edits)
  • the belief that their posts are likely to be withdrawn or deleted
  • some find the general atmosphere misogynistic
  • Wikipedia culture is sexual in ways that they find repulsive
  • Being addressed as male discourages women whose mother tongue has a grammatical gender
  • fewer opportunities than other locations for social relationships and a welcoming tone

Although the ratio of female and male readership on Wikipedia is roughly the same (47% versus 53%), the likelihood that women will become authors is lower (16%). Several studies suggest that Wikipedia may have developed a culture that discourages women from participating. Lam and others associate this culture due to a disparity between men and women in the presentation and editing of central topics, the tendency of women users to participate more actively in the social and community aspects of Wikipedia, an increased likelihood that edits by new authors will be undone and / or that articles with a high proportion of female authors are more controversial.

In 2012, Collier and Bear summarized the reason for women's barriers to work on Wikipedia in three words: conflict, criticism and trust. Conflict means cyber bullying , trolling, and competition, which women generally dislike; Criticism relates to the unwillingness of women to do someone else's work and have someone else do their work; Trust shows that women often do not have too much trust in their own competence and ability to do a certain job and to contribute to it. Wikipedia's freedom of editorial policy provides internet users with an open platform while at the same time unconsciously creating a competitive and critical environment that limits the incentives for women to participate.

By examining Wikipedia's power infrastructure, Ford and Wajcman pointed to another cause that could add to Wikipedia's gender bias. Editing on Wikipedia requires “special forms of socio-technical expertise and authority that make up the knowledge or epistemological infrastructure of Wikipedia”. People who are endowed with this expertise and skills are seen on Wikipedia as better suited to attaining positions of power. The research says that these are predominantly men.

Studies have also looked at the gender bias on Wikipedia from a historical perspective. Konieczny and Klein pointed out that Wikipedia is only part of our biased society, which has a long history of gender inequality. Since Wikipedia records the daily activities of the individual authors, it serves both as a “mirror image of the world” and as a “tool with which our world is produced”. Even if gender bias is slowly decreasing, it remains a problem.

The media reported that some women would indicate a male or no gender in their user profile and choose a male or genderless name in order to protect themselves from such sexist insults. Others would try to "make their language sound particularly masculine" in order to be taken seriously in the community, or, out of self-protection, be consciously active in areas that are less tough.

Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight explained that women were rarely referred to in the past, that historical sources often mentioned women only briefly, and that most of the time the influence of the husband was brought to the fore. To the modern reader, your contribution could therefore appear smaller than it was, which represents a hurdle for its representation in Wikipedia.

Reactions

The Wikimedia Foundation has officially believed that there was a gender bias in the project since at least 2011, when Gardner was CEO. She has made some attempts to counter this, but Gardner has expressed her frustration at the level of success achieved. She also found that, “In the very limited free time that women had, women tended to be more involved in social activities rather than editing Wikipedia. Women see technology more as a tool that they use to accomplish tasks, rather than something that is fun in itself ”. In 2011 the foundation set itself the goal that by 2015 25 percent of its contributors should be female. In August 2013, Gardner said, “I didn't solve it. We didn't solve it. The Wikimedia Foundation did not solve it. The solution will not come from the Wikimedia Foundation ”.

In 2011, Heather Mac Donald in Slate called the gender imbalance on Wikipedia a "non-problem in the search for a misguided solution". Mac Donald claimed: "The simplest and everyday explanation for the different participation in Wikipedia is that men and women on average have different interests and preferred types of leisure activities".

In August 2014, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales announced in a BBC interview the Wikimedia Foundation's plans to "halve" the gender content gap on Wikipedia. Wales said the Foundation is open to more public relations and more software changes.

In the April 2019 edition of his television program Neo Magazin Royale, the satirist Jan Böhmermann addressed the composition of Wikipedia authors as predominantly male and German without a migration background. He then initiated the creation of the article Potato (slang) to check whether such an article on a term that offends Germans would endure in Wikipedia.

Measures to increase the number of women authors

Refer to caption
Participants in Edit-a-thon Women in Art 2013 in Washington, DC

Special edit-a-thons have been organized to increase the coverage of women 's issues on Wikipedia and to encourage more women to edit Wikipedia. These events are supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, which sometimes provides mentors and technology to guide newer writers through the process. Such writing marathons supplemented missing articles about women's biographies. Recent edit-a-thons have placed particular emphasis on topics such as Australian neuroscientists and women in Jewish history.

VisualEditor, a project funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, allows editing in WYSIWYG style on Wikipedia. The project is said to be able to help close the gender gap.

In the English-language Wikipedia, the Teahouse project (German: Teehaus-Projekt) was launched with the aim of creating a friendly, protected environment ( safe space ) for newcomers, in order to attract and retain new authors, and to encourage participation by Promote women at Wikipedia.

In 2013 FemTechNet started “Wikistorming” as a project that offers feminist scholarships and promotes Wikipedia editing as part of school and college education.

In July 2014, the American National Science Foundation announced that it would spend $ 200,000 to investigate systemic gender biases on Wikipedia.

An initiative at the beginning of 2015 to create a “women-only” room for Wikipedia authors was strongly rejected by the Wikipedians.

In the summer of 2015, the wiki project Women in Red was launched on the English language version of Wikipedia , which focuses on creating new articles about remarkable women. Mainly through its monthly virtual editathons, Women in Red encourages women writers to participate in widening the coverage of women's issues on Wikipedia. Thanks in part to the efforts of this project, around 17,000 new women's biographies had been added to Wikipedia by June 2018.

In 2017, the Wikimedia Foundation donated $ 500,000 to help create a more encouraging environment for diversity on Wikipedia.

Many Wiki projects are committed to promoting contributions from authors to gender and women's studies, including "WikiProject Women, WikiProject Feminism, WikiProject Gender Studies, and the WikiProject Combating Systemic Bias / Gender Gap Task Force".

The WikiProject LGBT Studies in the English language Wikipedia creates a space in which “the inclusion and representation of LGBTQ culture is rewritten in the main Wikipedia space”.

See also

  • Women in Red (collaborative writing project within Wikipedia to reduce the gender gap)
  • Art + Feminism (editing marathon on women in art)
A logo of the Wiki project "Women in Red" (international: Women in Red) Wiki project “ Women in Red ”  - workshops for the creation of women's biographies

literature

  • Amanda Menking, Ingrid Erickson, Wanda Pratt: People Who Can Take It: How Women Wikipedians Negotiate and Navigate Safety. In: CHI '19 Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Glasgow 4th-9th May 2019: Paper No. 472. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York 2019, ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2 (English; doi: 10.1145 / 3290605.3300702 ).
  • Heather Ford, Judy Wajcman: “Anyone can edit”, not everyone does: Wikipedia's infrastructure and the gender gap. In: Social Studies of Science. Volume 47, No. 4, 2017, pp. 511-527 (English; School of Media and Communication, University of Leeds; PDF 638 kB, 19 pages on semanticscholar.org).
  • Julia B. Bear, Benjamin Collier: Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia. In: Sex Roles. A Journal of Research. Volume 74, No. 5, March 2016, pp. 254–265 (English; abstract; review by Nicole Torres ).
  • Jennifer C. Edwards: Wiki Women: Bringing Women Into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy. In: The History Teacher. Volume 48, No. 3, May 2015, pp. 409-436 (English; JSTOR 24810523 ).
  • Claudia Wagner, David Garcia, Mohsen Jadidi, Markus Strohmaier: It's a man's Wikipedia? Assessing gender inequality in an online encyclopedia. Cornell University , March 23, 2015 (English; download page; review on Heise.de ).
  • Björn Helgeson: The Swedish Wikipedia Gender Gap. Scientific master's thesis. Faculty of Computer Science and Communication, Media Technology and Interaction Design, Royal Technical University (KTH), Sweden 2015 (English; PDF: 1.4 MB, 52 pages on diva-portal.org).
  • Joseph Reagle: Measure, manage, manipulate. In: Open Codex: Code & Culture. Own blog, December 17, 2014 (English; basic considerations also for measuring the alleged proportions of men in Wikipedia).
  • Dariusz Jemielniak. Common knowledge? An ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford University Press, 2014, pp. 14–16 (summary of attempts to determine the proportion of women and signs of sexism in categories).
  • Stine Eckert, Linda Steiner: (Re) triggering Backlash: Responses to News About Wikipedia's Gender Gap. In: Journal of Communication Inquiry. Volume 37, No. 4, October 29, 2013, pp. 284-303 (English; doi: 10.1177 / 0196859913505618 ).
  • Jonathan Morgan, Sarah Stierch , Siko Bouterse, Heather Walls: Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia. In: Procedings of CSCW '13. Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 23. – 27. February 2013, San Antonio, Texas. ISBN 978-1-4503-1331-5 (English; doi: 10.1145 / 2145204.2145265 ; PDF: 1.6 MB, 10 pages on perma.cc).
  • Anja Ebersbach: Wikipedia: Lexicon is looking for women. In: Birgit Kampmann, Bernhard Keller u. a. (Ed.): The women and the network. Gabler, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-8349-4129-9 , pp. 159-171 ( doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-8349-4129-9_11 ).
  • Joseph Reagle: "Free as in sexist?" Free culture and gender gap. In: First Monday. Volume 18, No. 1, January 7, 2013 (English; online at journals.uic.edu).
  • David Laniado, Carlos Castillo, Andreas Kaltenbrunner, Mayo Fuster Morell: Emotions and dialogue in a peer-production community: the case of Wikipedia. WikiSym '12, Linz Austria, 27. – 29. August 2012. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-4503-1605-7 (English; PDF: 472 kB, 10 pages on chato.cl).
  • Benjamin Collier, Julia Bear: Conflict, criticism, or confidence: An empirical examination of the gender gap in wikipedia contributions. In: Proceeding of CSCW '12. Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 11. – 15. February 2012. ACM, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-4503-1086-4 , pp. 383-392 (English; doi: 10.1145 / 2145204.2145265 ).
  • Andrea Forte, Judd Antin, Shaowen Bardzell, Leigh Honeywell, John Riedl, Sarah Stierch : Some of all human knowledge: gender and participation in peer production. In: Proceeding of CSCW '12. Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 11. – 15. February 2012. ACM, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-4503-1086-4 , pp. 33-36 (English; doi: 10.1145 / 2141512.2141530 ).
  • Judd Antin, Raymond Yee, Coye Cheshire, Oded Nov: Gender Differences in Wikipedia Editing. WikiSym'11, 3–5. October 2011, Mountain View, California 2011 (English; PDF: 177 kB, 4 pages on berkeley.edu).
  • Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Anuradha Uduwage et al. a .: WP: Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance. WikiSym'11, 3–5. October 2011, Mountain View CA October 2011 (English; PDF: 400 kB, 10 pages on grouplens.org).
  • Joseph Reagle, Lauren Rhue: Gender Bias in Wikipedia and Britannica. In: International Journal of Communication. Volume 5, 2011, pp. 1138–1158 (English; download page ).
  • Sook Lim, Nahyun Kwon: Gender differences in information behavior concerning Wikipedia, an unorthodox information source? In: Library and Information Science Research. Volume 32, No. 3, 2010, pp. 212-220 (English; full text: doi: 10.1016 / j.lisr.2010.01.003 ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Edward Galvez ( WMF ): Diversity of contributors on the Wikimedia projects seems to remain unchanged . In: meta.Wikimedia.org . August 4, 2018, accessed April 10, 2020.
  2. ↑ Cara Curtis: This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia. ( Memento of August 4, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) In: TheNextWeb.com. March 19, 2019, accessed April 10, 2020 (English; via Wikipedia contributions by Jess Wade ).
  3. ↑ Jess Wade : This is why I've written 500 biographies of female scientists on Wikipedia. ( Memento from May 20, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Independent . February 11, 2019, accessed April 10, 2020.
  4. ^ A b c Benjamin Collier, Julia Baer: Conflict, Confidence, or Criticism: An Empirical Examination of the Gender Gap in Wikipedia. Session: Scaling our Everest: Wikipedia Studies I. In: CSCW '12: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Seattle USA, February 2012, pp. 383-392 (English; full text: doi: 10.1145 / 2145204.2145265 ).
  5. ↑ Andrew Lih: Opinion: Can Wikipedia Survive? ( Memento from June 21, 2015 on the Internet Archive ) In: NYtimes.com . June 20, 2015, accessed April 10, 2020 (English; Assistant Professor of Journalism at American University ); Quote: “[…] the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women. "
  6. ↑ Wikimedia Foundation : Wikipedia Editors Study: Results from the Editor Survey, April 2011. August 30, 2011 (English; Study: November 2010 to April 2011; PDF: 933 kB, 75 pages on wikimedia.org ( Memento from July 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive )).
    Ibid: Wikipedia Editors Survey 2011 November (English; April to October 2011).
  7. ^ A b c Benjamin Mako Hill, Aaron Shaw: The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation . In: PLoS ONE . tape 8 , no. 6 , June 26, 2013, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0065782 (English, full text).
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  10. ↑ Joseph Reagle: Joseph Reagle on the gender gap in geek culture. ( Memento of November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: SurprisinglyFree.com. February 26, 2013, accessed April 10, 2020.
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  16. ^ Susan C. Herring: Communication Styles Make a Difference . In: New York Times , February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved on August 11, 2014. 
  17. ↑ Joseph M. Reagle: 'Open' Does not Include Everyone . In: New York Times , February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved on August 11, 2014. 
  18. ^ Justine Cassell: Editing Wars Behind the Scenes . In: New York Times , February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. 
  19. ↑ Joseph Reagle, Lauren Rhue: Gender Bias in Wikipedia and Britannica. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. In: Joseph Reagle & Lauren Rhue (Eds.): International Journal of Communication . 5, 2011, pp. 1138-1158.
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  22. ↑ Raval Noopur: The Encyclopedia Must Fail! - Notes on Queering Wikipedia . In: Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology . August. doi : 10.7264 / N37W69GC .
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  25. ↑ a b Vetter Matthew, Keon Pettiway: Hacking Hetero / Normative Logics: Queer Feminist Media Practice in Wikipedia | Technoculture . In: tcjournal.org . November 20, 2018. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
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  27. ↑ a b Shaw, Aaron; Hargittai, Eszter (February 1, 2018). "The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities: The Case of Wikipedia Editing". Journal of Communication . 68 (1): 143-168. doi: 10.1093 / joc / jqx003; ISSN 0021-9916
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  29. ^ The Nobel prize winning scientist who wasn't famous enough for Wikipedia . In: The Irish Times . October 3, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  30. ↑ Nicola Davis: Nobel physics prize winners include first female laureate for 55 years - as it happened . In: The Guardian . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved on February 27, 2019.
  31. ↑ Leyland Cecco: Female Nobel Prize winner deemed not important enough for Wikipedia entry . In: The Guardian , October 3, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. 
  32. ^ A b Sue Gardner: Nine Reasons Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia, In Their Own Words . In: suegardner.org . February 19, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015.
  33. ↑ Taha Yasseri, Han Teng Liao: Recent research - Napoleon, Michael Jackson and Srebrenica across cultures, 90% of Wikipedia better than Britannica, WikiSym preview . In: The Signpost . Wikipedia . July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.
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  35. ↑ In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny . In: Christian Science Monitor . August 1, 2013, ISSN  0882-7729 (English, csmonitor.com [accessed April 9, 2020]).
  36. ↑ Jonathan T. Morgan, Siko Bouterse: Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved on August 24, 2014.
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