Gfcf nutrition

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The gluten-free and casein-free diet (also gfcf diet after English gluten-free casein-free diet ) is a form of treatment for disorders of the autistic spectrum , attention deficit disorders and schizophrenia . It consists in avoiding the consumption of cereals containing gluten ( wheat , rye , barley , spelled and their cultivated forms) as well as milk and dairy products.

In-depth scientific studies are still necessary in order to prove beyond doubt the effectiveness and success of the method.

history

In the 1960s, the American doctor F. Curtis Dohan postulated a connection between schizophrenia and the consumption of grain and milk. He drew this conclusion from the fact that this disease rarely occurs in peoples who eat without grain and milk.

In 1991, the Norwegian researcher Karl Reichelt found breakdown products of opioid substances in the urine of autistic children and was able to prove their origin from gluten and casein . He then developed the gluten and casein-free diet as a treatment option for autism and also achieved success in the treatment of schizophrenia.

In America, where there has been a dramatic increase in autism cases in recent years, the gfcf diet is promoted by various associations such as the Autism Network for Dietary Intervention (ANDI).

Current studies

The randomized, single-blind ScanBrit study provided “indications of a sustainable improvement” in the symptoms of autism with the gluten- and casein-free diet, but reported a plateau effect and the need for further research.

criticism

There is a lack of randomized double-blind studies; the positive reports mainly come from parents and therapists and relate to individual cases. The implementation of medical studies is faced with the problem that a longer observation period is required and a double-blind gfcf diet z. B. is difficult to implement in the domestic setting. A study carried out by the American National Institute of Mental Health was completed in February 2009, whereby no study results were published in clinical trials. This study was carried out by Susan L. Hyman (University of Rochester, Medical Center): “Her research on the gluten- and casein-free diet, popular for children with autism, showed that the diet had no impact on their behavior when they don 't have gastrointestinal issues. "

experience

Most of the reports come from those affected and their relatives. The scale ranges from relative ineffectiveness to dramatic improvement. It is noteworthy that in many cases the occurrence of withdrawal syndromes, as in drug withdrawal, is mentioned.

Scientific basis

The proteins casein and gluten are broken down into peptides during digestion , the so-called exorphins . Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry in Munich came up with the first evidence at the end of the 1970s when they examined milk. Exorphins in gluten have been detected by Japanese scientists who exposed wheat to enzymatic cleavage in a test tube.

The exorphins of gluten are called gliadorphins , those of casein are called casomorphins . The names are chosen because of the morphine effect, as these substances bind to the opioid receptors in humans. In the organism, the endorphins bind to these receptors and thus regulate z. B. Sensation of pain, hunger and sexuality.

The gfcf diet assumes that these compounds pass the intestinal mucosa and the blood-brain barrier in intact form and bind to the opioid receptors of the brain. A meta study by the European Food Safety Authority found no evidence for this.

There are approaches to explain the increased occurrence of certain diseases such as schizophrenia or epilepsy in celiac disease with the exorphins.

Other diseases

The disease Celiac disease requires the complete abandonment of gluten.

swell

  1. ↑ C. Millward, M. Ferriter, S. Calver, G. Connell-Jones: Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. (Review) (PDF) ( Memento from December 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ FC Dohan: Cereals and Schizophrenia, data and hypothesis. In: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica . 42, 1966, pp. 125-132.
  3. ^ KL Reichelt, A.-M. Knivsberg, G. Lind, M. Nødland: Probable etiology and possible treatment of childhood autism. In: Brain Dysfunct. 4, 1991, pp. 308-319.
  4. ^ KL Reichelt et al.: Biologically Active Peptide-Containing Fractions in Schizophrenia and Childhood Autism. In: Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 28, 1981, pp. 627-643.
  5. ↑ P. Whiteley, D. Haracopos et al .: The ScanBrit randomized, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. In: Nutritional Neuroscience. Volume 13, Number 2, April 2010, pp. 87–100 (abstract) ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  6. ↑ Clinical study (phase I): Diet and Behavior in Young Children With Autism at Clinicaltrials.gov of the NIH
  7. ^ Susan Hyman: University of Rochester, Medical Center
  8. ↑ SL Hyman, PA Stewart, J. Foley et al: The Gluten-Free / Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2016, pp. 205–220.
  9. ↑ J. Elder et al .: The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet in Autism: Results of a Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial. In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 36, 2006, pp. 413-420.
  10. ↑ Drugs from the milk bottle . Deutschlandradio Berlin June 26, 2004 (May 15, 2006)
  11. ↑ M. Yoshikawa, M. Takahashi, S. Yang: Delta opioid peptides derived from plant proteins. In: Curr Pharm Des . 9 (16), 2003, pp. 1325-1330.
  12. ^ Z. Sun, JR Cade: A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioral changes in rats. In: Autism. 3 (1), 1999, pp. 85-95.
  13. ^ European Food Safety Authority. February 1, 2009 Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides
  14. ^ WH Reichelt, KL Reichelt: The possible role of peptides derived from food proteins in diseases of the nervous system. In: G. Gobbi et al.: Epilepsy and other neurological disorders in celiac disease. John Libbey & comp. London 1997, ISBN 0-86196-537-X , pp. 227-237.

literature

  • S. Faraji: Biomedical Studies and Treatments in Autistic Syndrome and AD (H) D. Basics and practice. Wetzlar 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-021202-4 .
  • J. McCandless: Children with starving brains, A Medical Treatment Guide for Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2nd Edition. Bramble Books, 2004, ISBN 1-883647-10-X .
  • J. Pangborn, S. Baker: Autism: Effective Biomedical Treatments. Boston DAN !, 2005, ISBN 0-9740360-9-9 .
  • W. Shaw: Biological Treatments for Autism and PDD. A comprehensive and easy to understand guide to the latest research and medical therapies for autism and PDD. o. O. 2005, ISBN 0-9661238-3-2 .
  • S. Strasser: The gluten and casein free diet for people with autism, ADD / ADHD or allergies. Graz, 2005, ISBN 3-200-00501-7 .

Web links