Glycine soy
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| Siebold & Zucc. |
Glycine soy ,or wild soybean, is an annual plant in the legume family. It is the wild stem form of the cultivated soybean . The oil is used, among other things, for the manufacture of cosmetics.
features
Glycine soja is an annual herbaceous plant with a thin, one to four meters long, creeping, hairy stem axis . The 14 centimeter long leaves are pinnate in three parts. The terminal leaflet is ovate, rounded to ovate, lanceolate, the lateral leaflets are obliquely ovate and lanceolate. The stipules are 1 to 2 millimeters long, ovate-lanceolate and hairy yellow and woolly. The racemose inflorescences are usually short, exceptionally up to 13 centimeters long, the bracts of the flowers are lanceolate. The flowers sit densely in the upper section of the inflorescence, they are about 5 millimeters long. The five-lobed calyx is bell-shaped with triangular-lanceolate, pointed calyx tips, it is long and densely hairy. The petals are colored purple or white. The typical butterfly flowers have an almost round flag with a weakly edged tip, crooked, inverted egg-shaped wings and a short, densely haired boat. The 17 to 23 millimeter long, elongated legume is flat and slightly curved, it is somewhat constricted between the seeds. Your 2 to 3 seeds are black to brown in color, elliptical and somewhat flattened, they are 2.5 to 4 millimeters long and 1.8 to 2.5 millimeters wide. Glycine soy flowers in China in July to August and fruit from August to October.
The species is to be distinguished from the species of the subgenus Glycine by the annual (not perennial) growth habit. The cultivated soybean Glycine max is distinguished by the creeping, non-upright growth habit and the smaller seeds, and the seeds of the soybean are usually lighter in color. Both species are predominantly self-pollinating, but a few percent cross-pollination occurs regularly. Both species can be freely crossed with one another and develop fertile offspring. The hybrids between the two is in their morphology usually Glycine soja closer, sure they can be distinguished only by the size of the seeds: The thousand kernel weight is at Glycine soja less than 20 grams, with Glycine max 25.1 to 30 grams, in hybrid form 20 up to 25 grams. The hybrid plants occur spontaneously and wild, but usually only develop small and short-lived stocks. In addition to the wild Glycine soja and the cultivated Glycine max, they are grouped together as the “semi-wild” (semi-wild) type. Some taxonomists consider this transitional form as a separate species Glycine gracilis Skvortsov (this is how it is captured in the Flora of China, for example).
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.
Area and location
Glycine soya grows as a weed in cultivated land, on banks and in wetlands, from sea level to 2700 meters in the mountains. It occurs all over the west of China, from Guangdong in the south to Heilongjiang in the north, and reaches Gansu and Yunnan in the east . It also grows in Korea, Japan and the Amur region in the south of the Russian Far East.
Taxonomy
The species belongs in the genus Glycine to the subgenus Soja , which only includes the two annual species Glycine soja and Glycine max . The cultivar Glycine max , the soybean, is regarded by some taxonomists as conspecific (belonging to the same species), the wild species is then called Glycine max subsp. soja (Siebold & Zucc.) called H.Ohashi . There are numerous synonyms , including Glycine formosana Hosokawa and Glycine ussuriensis Regel & Maack .
The domestication of the soybean from the wild species Glycine soja probably took place around 5000 to 6000 years ago, probably in southern China. Although numerous land races of the soybean are still cultivated in China to this day , their genetic diversity, as with most cultivated plants, is far less than that of the wild species. Domestication presumably acted as a genetic bottleneck .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Glycine soja in: Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae, p. 251. ( Online )
- ↑ RJ Singh & T. Hymowitz (1988): The genomic relationship between Glycine max (L.) Merr. and G. soy sieve. and Zucc. as revealed by pachytene chromosome analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 76: 705-711.
- ↑ Ke-Jing Wang, Xiang-Hua Li, Yang Liu (2012): Fine-Scale Phylogenetic Structure and Major Events in the History of the Current Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) and Taxonomic Assignment of Semi-Wild Type (Glycine gracilis Skvortz. ) within the Chinese subgenus soy. Journal of Heredity 103 (1): 13-27. doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esr102
- ^ Glycine soja at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Zixiang Wen, Yanlai Ding, Tuan Zhao, Junyi Gai (2009): Genetic diversity and peculiarity of annual wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. Et Zucc.) From various eco-regions in China. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119 (2): 371-381. doi : 10.1007 / s00122-009-1045-y
Web links
- Glycine soja in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- Plants for a future