Golos Truda

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Golos Truda
Golos Truda.jpg
description Anarchist magazine
language Russian
First edition 1911
attitude 1917, 1919
Frequency of publication different (monthly / weekly / daily)
editor Union of Russian Workers (New York); Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda Union / Golos Truda Group (Russia)

Golos Truda ( Russian Голос Труда ; German: The Voice of Work ) was a Russian anarcho-syndicalist magazine. Founded by Russian workers and emigrants in New York in1911, Golos Truda was relocated to Saint Petersburg in1917when the editors were able toreturn to Russiaafter the February Revolution . There the magazine integrated itself into the nascent anarcho-syndicalist movement, proclaimed the need for a social revolution by and for the workers and positioned itself in opposition to the multitude of left-wing radical movements . The takeover of power by the Bolsheviks , however, marked the turning point for the magazine, as the new government passed increasingly repressive laws against dissident publications and, in particular, against the anarchist movement. After a few years of cautious publication activities, the Golos Truda collective was finallywiped outby the Stalinist regime in 1929.

background

Golos Truda began as the monthly magazine of the Union of Russian Workers in the United States and Canada in New York in 1911. After the outbreak of the February Revolution in 1917, the Provisional Government issued a general amnesty and offered to allow the return of Russians who had left the country for political reasons. finance. The entire editorial team of Golos Truda decided to return to Russia and relocate the magazine to Saint Petersburg. In Vancouver, the group, including the Ferrer Center artist Manuel Komroff and thirteen others, boarded a ship to Japan on May 26, 1917 . On board, the anarchists gave concerts, gave lectures and theater performances and even published a revolutionary magazine: The Float . From Japan the group finally reached Saint Petersburg via Siberia .

Publishing activities in Russia

In Saint Petersburg, the publication of Golos Truda was supported from the beginning by the emerging Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda Union , and the new paper strengthened the anarcho-syndicalist movement in the city. The members of the editorial team were Maxim Rajewsky , Wladimir Schatow (the operator of the Linotype typesetting machine ), Volin , Gregori Maximow , Alexander Schapiro , and Wasya Swieda .

Chleb i Wolja ('Bread and Freedom'), a book by Peter Kropotkin , published by Golos Truda in 1919 .

The first (weekly) edition was published on August 11, 1917, and came with an editorial that firmly denied the tactics and programs of the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks , Left and Right SRs and others, stating that the nature of the revolutionary action of the anarchosyndicalists was against them other socialist groups are in no way similar. The first and most important goal they declared was the revolution, which would replace the state and in its place a free federation of autonomous “peasant communities, industrial workers' unions, factory committees, control committees and the like in all parts of the country.” This revolution would be “anti-state in theirs Kind of struggle, syndicalistic in its economic dimension and federalist in its political effect. ”The authors placed their greatest hopes in the factory committees that arose spontaneously across the country after the February Revolution.

Volin described the nearly six-month gap between the February Revolution and the launch of the magazine in Russia as "a large and unrecoverable backlog," and each issue from that period contained what Volin later described as "clear and concise articles in the direction that the Anarcho-syndicalists appeared as constructive work for the approaching revolution. "As an example, he cited" a series of articles on the role of factory committees, articles on the tasks of the Soviets and other articles on the agricultural question, the new organization of work and exchange. " Extensive articles about the general strike as well as the French bourses du travail and the syndicats appeared in Golos Truda . After the October Revolution in the same year, the magazine switched to daily publication. In a series of articles, Golos Truda proclaimed the need to abandon the Bolshevik dictatorship of the proletariat and allow workers to join and operate freely.

The Golos Truda group faced a difficult task as the majority of the workers had been won over by the Bolsheviks, as their propaganda eclipsed anarchist efforts. Although Golos Truda the communist anarchists criticized St. Petersburg sharp as romantics who ignored the complex social forces in the revolution, the magazine with the Bolshevik-dominated factory workers of the city had a hard time and initially had little success. In March 1918, the Bolsheviks moved the seat of government from Saint Petersburg to Moscow and the Golos Truda group also moved to the new capital.

Oppression and legacy

On November 17, 1917, the Supreme Soviet passed a law giving the Bolsheviks control of all newspapers and extending the authorities' power in suppressing dissident newspapers. After the suppression of the Golos Truda by the ruling Bolsheviks in August 1918, Gregori Maximow, Nikolai Dolenko and Efim Jartschuk founded the magazine Wolny Golos Truda (German: The Free Voice of Work ). At the 10th Congress of the Communist Party of Russia (b) in March 1921, the leader of the Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin declared war on the "petty-bourgeois elements", especially the anarcho-syndicalists. The immediate consequence of this was that the publishing and printing premises of Golos Truda in Saint Petersburg and a bookstore in Moscow were closed by Cheka and, with the exception of six people, all anarchists in the Golos Truda group were arrested.

Despite the ban on the magazine, the Golos Truda group continued its work and finally published a final issue in the form of a magazine in Saint Petersburg and Moscow in December 1919. During the phase of the New Economic Policy (1921–1928) the group published a series of works, including the collected works of the eminent anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin in Saint Petersburg from 1919 to 1922. The minor anarchist activities tolerated by the regime were terminated after Joseph Stalin came to power and the Golos Truda group's book shops in Moscow and St. Petersburg were finally closed in the wake of an abrupt and violent wave of repression. The magazine was also suppressed by the United States Department of Postal Services, where it was inherited by the widespread magazine Chleb i Volja ( Bread and Freedom ; first published February 26, 1919), which in turn was banned in the United States and Canada because of its anarchist position has been.

The Russian revolutionary Victor Serge , who left the anarchist camp and joined the Bolsheviks, described Golos Truda as the main anarchist group active in 1917, “in the sense that they were the only ones who had something like a doctrine and that a number of valuable activists "who foresaw that the October Revolution" could only end in the constitution of a new power. "

literature

  • Volin : The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921 . Free Life Editions, New York 1974.
  • Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d G.P. Maksimov Papers in the IISG (accessed June 9, 2009)
  2. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 255.
  3. ↑ Russian American Periodicals in Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota (accessed June 9, 2009)
  4. ^ A b c Rudolf Rocker : Foreword to Volin : The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921 . Free Life Editions, New York 1974.
  5. ↑ a b c d Allan Antliff: Anarchist Modernism . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2001, p. 254.
  6. ^ Wayne Thorpe: The Workers Themselves . Kluwer Academic, 1989, p. 59.
  7. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 137.
  8. ^ Robert Graham: Alexander Schapiro - Anarchosyndicalism and Anarchist Organization (accessed March 20, 2009)
  9. ^ Paul Avrich: Anarchist Voices . AK Press, Stirling 2005, p. 369.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Chapter 4, " The Unknown Anarchist Press in the Russian Revolution ", in: Volin : The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921 .
  11. ↑ a b Golos Truda , No. 1, August 11, 1917, p. 1.
  12. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 140.
  13. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 139.
  14. ↑ George Woodcock: Anarchism: a History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press, Peterborough 2004.
  15. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 179.
  16. ^ Leonard Schapiro: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1970.
  17. ↑ Maximov, Grigori Petrovitch, 1893-1950 at libcom.org (accessed June 11, 2009)
  18. ↑ Emma Goldman : Living My Life . Dover Publications, New York 1930, p. 887.
  19. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 286.
  20. ^ GP Maximoff: The Political Philosophy of Bakunin . Free Press, London 1953, pp. 17-27.
  21. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 237.
  22. ^ Paul Avrich : The Russian Anarchists . AK Press, Stirling 2006, p. 244.
  23. ^ The New York Times : Will Deport Reds as Alien Plotters . Article of November 9, 1919.
  24. ↑ Victor Serge : Lenin in 1917 . Revolutionary History, 5, No. 3, 1994