Green Care

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term Green Care encompasses all those activities in connection with physical, psychological, educational or social maintenance or support measures in which nature, animals or plants are used. Well-known examples are animal-assisted therapy (with small animals, farm animals, or riding animals), care farming and garden therapy .

History and origin of the term

Sections of Green Care have been known since ancient times , albeit often under a different name or no name at all . In ancient Greece, for example, the so-called Asklepios cult was worshiped. Asklepios was god of healing and the son of Apollo . In Epidaurus there was a shrine in a cave for the worship of the god. This shrine was also a place of pilgrimage for the sick in search of healing, who were treated there with an early form of animal-assisted therapy : the content of the treatment was a sequence of purification and offering of sacrifices. Afterwards, those seeking help were put to sleep in the main part of the shrine. In this phase, the patients were then “sought out by God”, mostly in the form of snakes or dogs, who then licked the parts of the body to be treated. It is believed that special animals were trained for these purposes in order to make patients believe that they embodied Asclepius and could heal diseases with their tongues.

Even gardening therapeutic approaches were already at the time of ancient Egypt in use. We know, for example, that the doctors at that time prescribed mentally impaired members of the royal family to stay in the royal gardens.

Over the centuries, these and other areas of Green Care have been used continuously in practice. Individual Green Care methods have been receiving scientific recognition since around the 1980s. With the emergence of interdisciplinary research , new branches of research emerged - such as anthrozoology - and thus increased scientific interest in green care. This also led to the formation of international networks, conferences and cooperation activities. Among other things, the Community of Practice - Farming for Health and the Cost Action 866 should be mentioned in this context. COST stands for European Cooperation in Science and Technology and is an EU-funded program for networking and coordinating nationally supported research activities on an international level . In the course of this Cost Action 866, which was approved as part of the Food and Agriculture domain and ran from August 28, 2006 to August 31, 2010, the term Green Care was coined as it is widely known and used today.

Definition of green care

Green Care can literally be translated as “green care”, but this is not a clear definition of the term. It is a collective expression for all those initiatives and activities from science and practice that want to bring about physical, psychological, educational or social improvements in certain target groups with the help of nature, animals or plants. Content can be animate natural elements - such as animals or plants - or inanimate elements - such as stones or water. Individual natural elements can also be used, as well as collective elements in the form of a landscape, a garden, a forest, a farm or other localities. These positive or promoting aspects are intended to maintain or even increase people's health, well-being and quality of life . Depending on what is to be achieved with the respective Green Care initiative, can

  • physical health can be maintained, increased or restored, for example through regular exercise in the fresh air or through rehabilitation programs for z. B. Stroke , traffic accident, or obesity patients;
  • Mental health is maintained or increased, for example through cognitive training for people with dementia , depression or low -stress activities for burn-out patients;
  • social well-being is improved, for example through (re) integration projects for ethnic or medical fringe groups, or within the framework of programs that promote communication;
  • The educational status can be promoted, for example through a variety of teaching projects for children and young people on the subjects of plants, animals, nature, the environment or food production. This also applies to children with ADHD or with a learning disability.
  • Promotion of creativity and personal development in artistic and art therapeutic projects in nature and with natural materials or in retreats with " Green Meditation ", a method of natural meditation developed by Hilarion Petzold .
  • Promoting initiatives “for nature” as “caring for nature” by training a “complex mindfulness” for ecological problems, as it is again called for in the “Green Care Manifesto”, whereby care for nature comes alongside the use of nature.

Green care initiatives therefore appeal to a wide audience, depending on the respective objective. Measures in the field of supervised care, rehabilitation, (re) integration, therapeutic and social work, pedagogy and health care are carried out. This applies both to people with a medical indication and to those without one. Age, social class, ethnic origin or gender also play no role. People with special needs are addressed as well as older people and people in need of care, drug and alcohol addicts, socially needy people, people with depression, anxiety, personality disorders or learning difficulties, burn-out patients and those who find it difficult to integrate into society. There are also initiatives with kindergartens on farms, school and community gardens as well as other educational activities. And for people with a migrant background, socially marginalized groups, prisoners in prison, those released from prison, victims of abuse, the homeless and the long-term unemployed, (re) integration into society is attempted with green care activities.

In general, it can be said that every person who can benefit from the offer is a potential customer. On the contrary, because of their wide range, green care initiatives have something to offer everyone - with certain restrictions, of course. That is why one often speaks of “tailor-made help” in this context: The offer is tailored to the individual situation of the person concerned.

Limits of Green Care

Green care covers a very diverse area. However, there are clear limits: not every contact with nature is automatically green care. The above-described goal of maintaining or increasing physical, psychological, educational or social aspects must be given. For example, a postman is often “in the fresh air” for many hours a week and is out and about. However, in this case one cannot speak of Green Care, since its motive is the practice of the profession and its goal is to make money.

The discussion about the possible effects of green care initiatives also appears essential. What is certain is that Green Care cannot be seen as the ultimate solution to all problems. Because although the possible uses are very broad, there are limitations. For example, a person who is highly allergic to grasses or pollen has no benefit in a garden therapeutic activity , or a person with an animal hair allergy is more likely to be harmed than used if he / she is to be promoted by animal therapy. Other restrictions must also be recorded, such as individual aversions or fears towards certain natural elements, or the cultural unwillingness or reluctance based on previous experience to join a certain green care initiative. There are also groups of people who prefer to be looked after in a well-functioning, closed facility, as they have not developed any relationships with animals, plants or agriculture and do not want to either. Others grew up in agriculture or with animals and do not want to miss this in their lives. The personal wishes of the clients must be respected and nobody must be forced to do anything. Another limitation results in a very practical way from the available offer, which can often be very different from region to region.

An additional problem arises from the fact that green care initiatives are not yet legally regulated in practice. There are a number of training courses that you can do, but in principle anyone who wants to can offer one or the other Green Care activity. This opens the door to bungling and can throw a bad light on the entire sector. In addition, there is sometimes a lack of the necessary uniform and also legally regulated quality and safety standards, so that it depends on the individual individuals or organizations whether and to what extent these are complied with.

The whole thing starts with the question of nomenclature, especially in term of treatment , or the therapist or the therapist. The term therapist is free in Germany, for example, and generally does not enjoy any special protection. This does not apply to some professional groups such as physiotherapists or psychotherapists .

Overview of known green care initiatives

The following is a list of well-known green care initiatives. A detailed description is then only offered for those areas that are also widely used in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Green care initiatives with plants and in the great outdoors

The origins come partly from the Anglican Anglo-Saxon region, partly from the German region, where gardens were laid out for patients in the emerging new psychiatric hospitals in the early 19th century where they could work or relax. JC Reil (1803) and CFW Roller (1831) were pioneers here . In psychiatry in the form of psychiatric garden therapy and occupational therapy, especially since the beginning of the 1970s in therapy facilities for drug addicts, garden and animal-assisted therapy have been used in a range of treatments as a flanking measure to psychotherapy and sociotherapy where they were used by Hilarion Petzold under the term “The new natural therapies ”Or as“ ecotherapy ”in the field of psychotherapy. There - in Great Britain and the USA, for example - there are a number of green care initiatives with plants that have not (yet) gained a foothold in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Are to be mentioned

  • the actual garden therapy (horticultural therapy),
  • the therapeutic nursery (therapeutic horticulture),
  • social and therapeutic horticulture,
  • plant-based health and nursing care,
  • ecotherapy
  • the Outdoor Education ,
  • mainly distributed in the US forms of natural therapy (nature therapy), wilderness therapy (wilderness therapy) and adventure therapy (adventure therapy)
  • the broad field of healing gardens and healing landscapes , which are found mainly in Great Britain,
  • and the form of “ green exercise ”, mainly used in the UK , which includes exercise and sport in nature.

Definitions of garden therapy

The term originally comes from English and is derived from the local horticultural therapy. In English, a distinction is made between horticultural therapy, therapeutic horticulture, and social and therapeutic horticulture. In the former, therapy with plants is offered - mostly in the context of a garden. With therapeutic horticulture, the focus is on activities in the garden and there is no therapeutic structure. In social and therapeutic horticulture, horticulture is also central, whereby social exchange is also emphasized. Here, too, the therapeutic aspect is of secondary importance. This classification is not made in German-speaking countries, everything is summarized under the collective term garden therapy .

Even if there are different forms of definition for individual representatives, horticultural therapy is generally understood to be a “ professionally accompanied, client-focused treatment modality that uses horticultural activities to achieve specific therapeutic goals or goals in rehabilitation. The focus is on the maximization of social, cognitive, physical and / or psychological functions and / or in the general increase in health and well-being . "

According to another definition, horticultural therapy is “ the use of plants as a therapeutic agent by a trained specialist in order to achieve specific, clinically defined objectives .” This is how the common definition of garden therapy in German-speaking countries is derived: “ Garden therapy is Carried out by a therapeutically, botanically and horticultural specialist. Plants are used as therapeutic agents in order to achieve verifiable therapeutic goals in diagnosed clients / patients. The room in which garden therapy takes place is usually a garden. "

Garden therapy is also increasingly being used in the field of psychotherapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in integrative approaches, such as " integrative therapy ", which combines a "bundle of measures" (Petzold 2014) with various interventions during treatment or in case work for accompanying treatment Put together psychotherapy with and for the patient. Garden therapy is often used in combination with landscape therapy and forest therapy. The definitions are usually more complex in this clinical-psychological and therapeutic area:

"Integrative garden therapy (IGT also called" Integrative Garden and Landscape Therapy "IGLT) is the treatment or co-treatment of people of all ages with garden / landscape therapeutic methods, ie practical gardening activities and possibilities, based on the integrative therapy process as a multi-method, bio-psychosocial-ecological approach the experience of nature in the spectrum of indications for psychological, psychosomatic or psychosocial disorders. IGT also includes the salutogenic promotion of health behavior and personal development in handicapped care, rehabilitation, social education, health education, etc.These possible uses are supported by gardening and landscape therapy, therapy, training and / or support measures in the context of gardening and landscape settings and spaces of experience through the multi-sensory experience in nature (receptive modality) and concrete multi-expressive doing (active modality) implemented in practice: through horticultural handling of plants, trees, shrubs, soil, with materials, rice, mats, stones, tools, etc. "Material media " or leaves and flowers as " creative media ", always in social communication and cooperation with other gardening people (therapists, group members, project teams, possibly with animals). ... Self-, external and nature perception, dynamic regulatory competence, problem-solving skills and everyday life management, health-well-being-fitness, ability to concentrate and emotional and mental freshness etc. are made possible by integrative garden and landscape therapy and related methods such as' green exercises', 'nature therapy 'etc. for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. The human being as an 'informed body' - embedded in the living environment and informed through perception and its storage in the ' body memory ' - receives through integrative garden therapy the opportunity to use the potential of its evolutionary equipment again and in a new way: namely, a diverse world To take in stimulating and wholesome things, to embody them and to change dysfunctional patterns of experience and action through the development of new neural pathways and cognitive, emotional and volitional schemata and styles. In the IGT / IGLT, scientific, social and cultural science knowledge and research are organically linked and taught in theory and practice in the sense of the integrative approach ”.

Green care initiatives with animals

Here, too, the roots are to be found in the Anglican region, mainly in the USA. That is why the most far-reaching definitions can also be found nowadays as translations of original English texts. In the area of ​​green care work with animals, a distinction must be made between:

Animal Assisted Therapy Definitions

In English, a distinction is made between the so-called animal-assisted activities (animal-assisted activities, abbreviated AAA) and animal-assisted therapy (animal-assisted therapy, abbreviated AAT). The former means “possibilities for stimulating, educational, relaxing and / or therapeutic support to increase the quality of life . Animal-assisted activities are offered in different settings by specially trained specialists, assistants and / or volunteers, accompanied by animals that meet certain criteria . ”These are informal activities in which people are brought into contact with animals. The same activity can be performed repeatedly with different people and is not tailored to a specific individual with special medical diagnostics.

Pet therapy (animal-assisted therapy), however, according to the English original definition, a " represents the essential component of a treatment process targeted intervention in an animal which meets certain criteria. Animal-assisted therapy is aimed at and / or is carried out by a healthcare professional with special training in his / her field. Animal-assisted therapy is used to improve the physical, social, emotional and / or cognitive functioning of a person (the latter relating to thinking and intellectual abilities). Animal-assisted therapy is offered at different locations, either in the form of group or individual sessions. This treatment process is documented and evaluated . ”In addition, the term animal-assisted interventions (AAI for short) is still in use in English. This serves as an umbrella term to summarize the other two animal-assisted activities and animal-assisted therapy.

AAI = AAA + AAT

Such a subdivision has not been able to establish itself in the German-speaking area. Here, only the term animal-assisted therapy (abbreviated TGT) is widely used to describe both the animal-assisted activities used in practice and the actual animal-assisted therapy. There is hardly any conceptual distinction here.

TGT = AAI = AAA + AAT

One of the most common definitions of animal-assisted therapy in Germany, Austria and Switzerland is: “... all measures that aim to achieve positive effects on people's experience and behavior through the targeted use of an animal. This applies to physical as well as mental illnesses. The human / animal therapy couple acts as a unit […]. ”Again from the field of psychotherapy come integrative, overarching definitions that also include philosophical and anthropological sources in the definitions and endeavor to synthesize the many definitions found in the literature:

»Integrative animal-assisted therapy (ITT) is a theory and research-based treatment and support method that is one of the so-called" natural therapies ". It is developed on the basis of "integrative therapy" as a biopsychosocial-ecological process and promotes through the concept-based, species-specific inclusion of animals (e.g. dogs, horses, llamas, small animals) and the given micro- and meso-ecological contexts (e.g. Stable, square, meadow, forest, landscape) healing and development processes ... Concepts based on evolutionary psychology, biology and ethology are used on the human-animal relationship on the psychophysiological, psychological and psychosocial level to improve cognitive, emotional and sensorimotor behavior in general and in Constructively influencing disorder-specific aspects through alternative and / or corrective experiences. In the therapeutic process between client / patient (1st), therapist / special needs teacher (2nd), animal (3rd) in the given context / continuum (4th), multi-sensory and multi-expressive experience is possible that initiate, support and sustainably promote positive development processes can. ITT is suitable as an exercise-centered, supportive and salutogenic intervention in the context of complex bundles of measures (bundles) for people of all age groups and for a variety of disorders, as the literature on "animal assisted therapy" shows, not least for complex, severe and chronic disorders and for Patients who are seen as "hard-to-reach". But enrichment, enlargement and empowerment effects can also be targeted with the salutogenic goal of developing personality potentials. The selection of animals that z. Sometimes you have to be specially trained (dogs, horses, llamas), the design of human-animal-context processes, the use of animal-specific possibilities in a species-appropriate manner while maintaining "animal ethical principles" requires solid animal biological or animal psychological knowledge and well-founded general psychotherapeutic knowledge , for which integrative therapy offers excellent ground «.

Green care initiatives in agriculture

Green care initiatives that take place on farms are also gaining increasing recognition in German-speaking countries.

In this area, there are still the most fuzzy definitions, or the most overlapping terms, some of which are used as synonyms, but also have differences. In principle, the following terms are used in Europe:

  • Green Care: In some countries, especially in the Netherlands, but also in Belgium, and in some other countries, the term “Green Care” is used as a synonym for those sub-areas of Green Care that have to do with agriculture.
  • Green Care in Agriculture (Green Care in Agriculture): this is a modification of the above term group, a limitation - namely that this is just to Green-care initiatives are which are in the agricultural context - is made.
  • Farming for Health: In 2004 the Community of Practice - Farming for Health started its international exchange. As part of these activities, a book was published in 2006, which was also entitled Farming for Health. Thereafter, in individual countries, this term was mainly used to describe green care initiatives in an agricultural context. In the meantime, however, it has been abandoned and the term is hardly used nowadays.
  • Social farming: Social farming is the term that is currently most widely used in German-speaking countries - especially in Germany and partly also in Switzerland. This term, too, originally comes from English (social farming) and was established as part of a Europe-wide project which began in May 2006 and ran for 30 months. In this context, social agriculture is defined as follows: “ Farms bind people in need of therapy and socially disadvantaged people (with mental, mental or physical disabilities, drug rehabilitation, long-term unemployed, emigrants, former delinquents, young people, old people as active retirees) for the purpose of rehabilitation in work processes Agriculture and school and kindergarten farms allow children to experience the rhythms of agriculture. The classic economic areas of plant and animal production are expanded to include pedagogically and therapeutically effective fields of work . ”Social agriculture is therefore defined as a form of multifunctional agriculture. Agricultural production, but also aspects of horticulture , landscape maintenance and nature conservation in the sense of employment, therapy and / or education are used. This is possible for a large number of target groups with and without medical indication.
  • Care farming: In care farming, in contrast to social agriculture, the focus is on the health services of multifunctional agricultural and horticultural businesses. In this respect, care farming is more narrowly defined than social farming and excludes purely educational initiatives (e.g. school on the farm ) as well as those that are exclusively about employment (e.g. sheltered jobs for people with special needs). The "care" aspect must be included in order to be a care farming initiative: The participating people must have a medical indication. A common definition of care farming is, “ The use of commercial farms and environments to improve a person's mental and physical health through normal farming activities, […]. Agriculture can improve health and / or produce social or educational benefits for a large number of groups of people. These are people with medical or social needs . "

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, none of the terms has yet fully established itself. There is also the field of farm education . This is aimed at groups of children and young people - such as school classes - in order to spend time on a farm once or several times. The aim is to impart knowledge about rural life and production methods, as well as practical information about the production and processing of food. Likewise, content on sustainability or renewable energies can be conveyed.

Effects and benefits of green care initiatives

The effects and benefits of green care initiatives are not undisputed in science. Animal-assisted therapy with small animals and riding animals has so far been subjected to the most precise scientific research. A large number of studies have shown positive effects on physical, psychological and social aspects in different target groups. Some scientific studies have also been carried out in the area of ​​working with plants. To date, there are hardly any effect studies on the topic of green care in agriculture.

However, it must be added that many studies do not or only poorly meet the current demands of scientific work. The biggest problem here is the study design . Samples often include only a few individuals, randomized controlled trials are rarely feasible, and comparable control groups are difficult to find. Topics that have received little attention in science to this day are, on the one hand, the well-being of the animals used in certain Green Care areas, and on the other hand studies on the possible social and economic benefits of Green Care, which then do not only focus on individuals or Restrict groups of people, but encompass entire societies or parts thereof.

literature

  • Theres Germann-Tillmann, Lily Merklin, Andrea Stamm Näf: Animal-assisted interventions: the multi-professional approach . Hans Huber Verlag, Bern 2014, ISBN 978-3-456-85416-8 .
  • C. Berting-Hüneke among others: garden therapy. Published by the German Association of Occupational Therapists, Series 9: Department of General Topics Volume 5th revised and amended 2nd edition. Schulz-Kirchner Verlag, Idstein 2010.
  • F. Di Iacovo, D. O'Connor (Ed.): Supporting policies for Social Farming in Europe. Progressing Multifuncionality in Responsive Rural Areas. Arsia, Firenze 2009.
  • A. Fine (Ed.): Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy. Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice. Academic Press, San Diego 2000.
  • J. Hassink, M. Van Dijk (Eds.): Farming for Health. Green care farming across Europe and the United States of America. (= Wageningen UR Frontis Series. Volume 13). Springer Verlag, 2006.
  • R. Louv: Last Child in the Woods. Algonquin Books, New York 2005.
  • K. Neuberger: Approaches to an Integrative Garden Therapy - On the history, dissemination, integrative ideas, methods, practice and literature. In: Integrative Therapie Vol. 37, 4-2011, pp. 407-464, Krammer Verlag, Vienna.
  • E. Olbrich, C. Otterstedt (Ed.): People need animals. Basics and practice of animal-assisted education and therapy. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2003.
  • HG Petzold: It's about greening the soul. The psychotherapist and therapy researcher Hilarion Petzold on natural therapies and an "ecological turnaround" in psychotherapy. In: Psychology Today. 12, 2014, pp. 60-65. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/artikel/textarchiv-hg-petzold-et-al-/index.php
  • HG Petzold: Ecosophy, Ecophilia, Ecopsychosomatic Materials on ecological stress and healing potential. At www. FPI-Publikationen.de/stoffen.htm - POLYLOGE: Materials from the European Academy for Psychosocial Health - 16/2006 and In: Integrative Therapy. 1, 2006, pp. 62-99. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/downloads/download-polyloge/download-nr-16-2006-petzold-hilarion-g.html
  • HG Petzold: "Green Meditation" - calm, strength, joie de vivre. In: Green Care. 2, 2015, pp. 2–5; http://www.fpi-publikation.de/artikel/textarchiv-hg-petzold-et-al-/index.php and erw. Polyloge issue 05/2015. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/alle- Ausgabe/05-2015-petzold-hilarion-g-2015b-green-meditation-ruhe-kraft-lebensfreude.html Accessed October 1, 2015
  • HG Petzold: Plea for ecologically sound health Manifesto for “GREEN CARE Empowerment” - transdisciplinary considerations on an ecology of connectedness. Text archive. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/images/stories/downloads/textarchiv-petzold/petzold-2015c-green-care-plaedoyer-fuer-eine-oekologischer-fundierte-gesundheit-transdisziplinaer.pdf Accessed October 1 2015 and In: Z. Psychological Medicine. 2, 2015, pp. 56-68.
  • HG Petzold, S. Orth-Petzold, I. Orth: Enjoyment of the living and wise dealing with nature. The freshness, strength and wisdom of integrative garden and landscape therapy - nature therapeutic thoughts, "Green Meditation", "Therapeutic Guerilla Gardening". In: Polyloge. 20/2013. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/alle- Ausgabe/20-2013-petzold-h-orth-petzold-s-orth-i-2013a-freude-am-lebendigen-umgang-mit-natur. html Accessed October 1, 2015
  • HG Petzold (Ed.): Going Green: The healing power of the landscape. In: Integrative Nature Therapy, Integrative Therapy. 3, Krammer, Vienna 2011.
  • HG Petzold (Ed.): Healing Gardens. Integrative garden therapy and Euthyme practice - healing arts and health promotion. In: Focus on integrative therapy. 4, Krammer, Vienna 2011. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/artikel/integrative-therapie/petzold-hilarion-g-2011h-hrsg-lntegrative-gartentherapie-und-euthyme-praxis-heilkunst-und-ge .html Accessed October 1, 2015
  • HG Petzold, R. Hoemberg: Nature therapy - animal-assisted, garden and landscape therapeutic interventions. In: Psychological Medicine. 2, 2014, pp. 40-48. In: www.FPI-publikationen.de/stoffen.htm - POLYLOGE: Materials from the European Academy for Psychosocial Health - 11/2014; http://www.fpi-publikation.de/downloads/download-polyloge/download-nr-11-2014-hilarion-g-petzold-ralf-hoemberg.html Accessed October 1, 2015
  • JC Reil: Rhapsodies on the application of the psychic curse method to mental disruption. Curtsche Buchhandlung, Halle 1803.
  • CFW Roller: The insane asylum presented after all its relationships. Müller, Karlsruhe 1831
  • Schneiter-Ulmann (Hrsg.): Textbook garden therapy. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 2010.
  • J. Sempik, R. Hine, D. Wilcox: Green Care: A Conceptual Framework, A Report of the Working Group on the Health Benefits of Green Care. Cost 866, Green Care in Agriculture. Loughborough University Press, Loughborough 2010, ISBN 978-1-907382-23-9 .
  • Georg Wiesinger (Ed.): Green Care in Agriculture and Horticulture. Summary of the COST Action 866 Green Care in Agriculture. (= Facts & Feature. 49). Federal Institute for Mountain Farmer Issues, Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-85311-103-1 .
  • Georg Wiesinger, Erika Quendler, Christian Hoffmann, Alessandro Di Martino, Sigrid Egartner, Nina Weber, Josef Hambrusch: Social agriculture. Situation and potential of a form of diversification of agricultural and forestry holdings in Austria, South Tyrol and Trentino. (= Research report. Volume 66). Federal Institute for Mountain Farmer Issues, Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-85311-108-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ JA Serpell: Animal Companions and Human Well-Being: An Historical Exploration of the Value of Human-Animal Relationships. In: Aubrey H. Fine (Ed.): Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy. Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice. Academic Press, San Diego 2000, pp. 3-19.
  2. ↑ a b Schneiter-Ulmann (Ed.): Textbook garden therapy. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 2010.
  3. ↑ a b G. Wiesinger (Ed.): Green Care in Agriculture and Horticulture. Summary of the Cost Action 866 "Green Care in Agriculture". Federal Agency for Mountain Farmers Issues, Vienna 2011.
  4. ^ A b H. G. Petzold: "Green Meditation" - calm, strength, joie de vivre. In: Green Care. 2, 2015, pp. 2–5; http://www.fpi-publikation.de/artikel/textarchiv-hg-petzold-et-al-/index.php and erw. Polyloge issue 05/2015. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/alle- Ausgabe/05-2015-petzold-hilarion-g-2015b-green-meditation-ruhe-kraft-lebensfreude.html . Accessed October 1, 2015.
  5. ↑ http://www.terramedus.de/massageundwellnessakademie/fragen- Answeren/gerichtsurteile-therapeut.php Terramedus. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  6. ↑ HG Petzold: It's about a greening of the soul. The psychotherapist and therapy researcher Hilarion Petzold on natural therapies and an "ecological turnaround" in psychotherapy. In: Psychology Today. 12, 2014, pp. 60-65. http://www.fpi-publikation.de/artikel/textarchiv-hg-petzold-et-al-/index.php
  7. ↑ Quotation and translation from Schneiter-Ulmann (Ed.): Textbook garden therapy. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 2010, p. 23. Original text in R. Haller: The framework. In: R. Haller, L. Kramer (Eds.): Horticultural Therapy Methods. The Haworth Press, New York / London / Oxford 2006, pp. 5-7.
  8. ↑ Quotation and translation from Schneiter-Ulmann (Ed.): Textbook garden therapy. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 2010, p. 24. Original text in J. Sempik et al: Social and therapeutic horticulture: Evidence and messages from research. Thrive and CCFR. Media Services Loughborough University, Loughborough 2003, p. 3.
  9. ↑ Quotation from Schneiter-Ulmann (ed.): Textbook garden therapy. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern 2010, p. 24.
  10. ↑ a b Quote from HG Petzold, R. Hoemberg: Nature therapy - animal-assisted, garden and landscape therapeutic interventions. In: Psychological Medin. 2, 2014, pp. 40-48. In: www.FPI-publikationen.de/stoffen.htm - POLYLOGE: Materials from the European Academy for Psychosocial Health - 11/2014; http://www.fpi-publikation.de/downloads/download-polyloge/download-nr-11-2014-hilarion-g-petzold-ralf-hoemberg.html Accessed October 1, 2015.
  11. ↑ Quotation taken and translated from Archivlink ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Delta Society. Retrieved May 10, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deltasociety.org
  12. ↑ Quotation taken from and translated by Archivlink ( Memento of the original from December 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Delta Society. Retrieved May 10, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deltasociety.org
  13. ↑ Quotation taken from archive link ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Animals as Therapy, Gatterer, May 10, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tierealstherapie.org
  14. ↑ J. Hassink, M. Van Dijk (Ed.): Farming for Health. Green care farming across Europe and the United States of America. (= Wageningen UR Frontis Series. Volume 13). Springer Verlag, 2006.
  15. ^ Quotation taken from http://www.sofar-d.de/?start Social Farming. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  16. ^ Quote taken over and freely translated from R. Hine, J. Peacock, J. Pretty: Care farming in the UK: Evidence and Opportunities. Report for the National Care Farming Initiative (UK). University of Essex, Colchester 2008, p. 6.
  17. ^ E. Friedmann: The role of pets in enhancing human well-being: physiological effects. In: I. Robinson: The Waltham Book of Human-Animal Interaction: Benefits and Responsibilities of Pet Ownership. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK 1995, pp. 33-53.
  18. ↑ V. Raveis, F. Mesagno, D. Karus, E. Gorey: Pet ownership as a protective factor supporting the emotional well-being of cancer patients and Their family members. In: Final Report Year 2. Memorial Sloa-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 1993.
  19. ↑ Bernstein, Friedmann, Malaspina: Animal-assisted therapy enhances resident social interaction and initiation in long-term care facilities. In: Anthrozoos. 13 (4), 2000, pp. 213-223.
  20. ^ A. Fine (Ed.): Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy. Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice. Academic Press, San Diego 2000.
  21. ^ S. De Bruin, S. Oosting, A. van der Zijpp, MJ Enders-Slegers, J. Schols: The concept of green care farms for older people with dementia: An integrative framework. In: Dementia. 9 (1), 2010, pp. 79-128.