Great horde

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kazakh khanate and territory
  • of the Little Horde
  • of the Middle Horde
  • of the Great Horde
  • Great Horde ( Kazakh. Ұлы жүз / Ulı jüz "older Schüs") was the name of a Kazakh tribal federation of the 16th century. This horde is also known as the Elder Horde .

    Starting from Tsarist Russia , the other Europeans also incorrectly called the Great Horde in the 18th and 19th centuries the Little Kyrgyz Horde . This came about because the Russia of that time wanted to differentiate the Kazakhs from the Slavic Cossacks ( Russian Казак / kazak ). So they initially called the Kazakhs "Kazak Kyrgyz". Between 1917 and 1920 the area of ​​the Great Horde partially belonged to the Kazakh Alash Orda state .

    Scope and tribal structure

    Like all nomadic states in Central Asia , the Great Horde did not have any fixed and clearly defined borders. But they mainly included the tribes in southern and southeastern Kazakhstan and the closed Kazakh language area in China's Xinjiang and neighboring Mongolia . The tribes subordinate to the Khan of the Great Horde consisted mainly of the clans of Alban, Japrasty, Dwlat, Zhalayri, Isty, Oshakty, Qangly, Sirgeli, Swan, Sary-Üysin. In addition, the Khan of the Great Horde exercised a loose supremacy over the neighboring Kyrgyz tribes and the adjacent areas in what is now Uzbekistan (mainly Karakalpakia ).

    history

    In 1509 the Gengischanid Qasym Khan founded the Kazakh Khanate . But after his death (1518) three apanages (partial lords ) were established on the territory of the khanate , the princes of which mostly acted autonomously. This is how the Great Horde came into being, whose rulers usually appear as khans of the neighboring Middle Horde . So it is extremely difficult to clearly define the domain of the Great Horde, and the khans of the Middle Horde often appear as rulers of the Great Horde.

    In the fight against the Western Mongolian Dzungars the Great Horde in 1742 assumed (reg. 1718 / 34-1742 / 47) under Khan Golbars voluntarily to the Russian Empire and the Khan became a vassal of the Czar . In 1824 the Great Horde (analogous to the Middle Horde) was dissolved by Russian administrative authorities and placed under the Tsar's Foreign Ministry as a protectorate . The Kazakhs were forced to give up their old nomadic life and settle down. The pastureland in the north, which was no longer needed, was then released for colonization and Russians and Ukrainians were settled. Thereupon Khan Kenisari led a revolt between 1837 and 1846/47 with some clans of the Great and Middle Horde. In 1846/47 he was pushed back into the Tian-Shan and killed there by the Kyrgyz . Kenisari's son Sadiq went into exile after the death of his father and settled in Kokand .

    See also

    Remarks

    1. ^ Peter Truhart, Regent Tables II. (Asia), Munich, New York 1985, p. 1108