Alash Orda

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Flag of the "Kyrgyz Autonomy" Alash Orda (1917–1920)

Alasch Orda ( Kazakh. Алаш Орда / Alaş Orda ) was the name of the "Kyrgyz Autonomy" within Russia , which existed from December 13, 1917 to August 26, 1920. The East Kazakh Alash-qala was designated the capital of the Alash Orda .

Origin of name

The origin of the name "Alasch Orda" was explained by the Kazakh intellectuals of the 1900s as follows: Alasch Khan is the mystical progenitor of all Central Asian steppe peoples and ancestor of the Kazakh nation. Before the majority of steppe nomads called themselves Kazakhs , "Alasch" was their name. “Alasch” was also used to describe the area they inhabited, which stretched from the south of Western Siberia to far into the Caspian Plain. Today's Kazakhstan proceeded from similar considerations when, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it rehabilitated the disgraced and murdered leaders of the Alasch Orda: "Alasch Orda" goes back to Orda Khan and his horde , as this is associated with the legendary "Alasch Khan" is identical.

Most likely, however, is that “Alasch” comes from the Turkish word Alaşa ( German horse) and the word “Orda” (German horde) common to all Turkic languages . So “Alasch Orda” would be equated with a horse horde or a horde of nomads . This thesis is also supported by the historical fact that the Kazakh autonomy campaigned for the rights of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz nomads and wanted to revive their traditional nomadism.

Territory of the Alash Orda

Structure of the Alasch Orda State (1917–1920)

The Kazakh autonomous region extended to the provinces of Bökejorda and Orenburg as well as the Uralsk , Turgaj , Akmolinsk , Semipalatinsk and Semiretschje oblasts . De jure he claimed territorial sovereignty over those areas that had once belonged to the Kazak khanate ( Big Horde , Middle Horde and Small Horde ) and the Bökey Horde .

In addition, the Alash Orda state raised territorial claims against the northern neighboring Russia to the Kazakh settlement areas, which are located in today's Altai region and the Altai Republic . These claims were justified with the historical fact that these areas once belonged to the area of ​​influence of the Kazak khanate. The political leadership of the Alash Orda tended to overlook another fact, namely that these Kazakhs had only been under the loose sovereignty of the Kazakh Khan and acted extremely autonomously in the Khanate. In the south, due to the close linguistic relationship, the settlement area of ​​the Karakalpaks was claimed, who were declared by the Alasch Orda as "Kazak Kyrgyz" because of their (also very loose) membership of the Great Horde.

Already in November 1917 was Kokand the autonomy been proclaimed. Kokand raised territorial claims to all areas that belonged to Kokand Khanate , which was abolished in 1876 , and extended his claim to the entire Syr Darya Oblast . Since the political leadership of the Kokand Autonomy consisted largely of members of the Alasch Party , the territory claimed by Kokand was included in the area of ​​influence of the Alasch Orda, which was formed in December 1917, and was regarded as its fourth administrative unit.

All in all, the areas required by the Kazakh autonomous authorities comprised over 3 million km² and thus essentially all the peoples that are now summed up under the terms Kazakhs and Kyrgyz . In fact , the autonomous area extended only to the Orenburg, Turgai and Semipalatinsk regions, which were formed from the above-mentioned areas.

history

From the Russian Civil War to Autonomy

In 1916, numerous uprisings took place in the General Government of Turkestan and in the General Government of Steppe , but they were brutally suppressed. More than 300,000 Kazakhs fled to China with their herds . As a result, the first All-Kyrgyz Muslim Congress took place in Orenburg from July 21 to 28, 1917 . It called for the creation of an autonomous Kazakh nation state within Russia. In the future this should get a federal structure in which all peoples and nations had equal rights. In order to achieve this goal of autonomy, the "Kirghiz" of the empire should work together with the other Turkic peoples of the Russian empire and for this purpose found a political party . This congress, however, strictly rejected the subordination of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to a possible political unity encompassing all Turkic peoples. 14 resolutions were also passed for the future of the region.

The main demands were:

  1. the renewal and modernization of Islam in Central Asia ,
  2. the right of the Central Asian steppe peoples (Kazakhs and Kyrgyz) to traditional nomadism (and thus the reversal of the forced denomadization of steppe nomads, which began in the Tsarist era) and
  3. the resettlement of the numerous Russian settlers in Turkestan .

These main demands were strongly influenced by the Panturkists and the Jadidists alike.

Proclamation of "Kyrgyz autonomy" and the alliance with the Ural Cossacks

At a joint meeting in Orenburg in December 1917, the representatives of the Bashkirs and the "Alash" proclaimed their autonomy within Russia and now also made contact with the Ural Cossacks , who were loyal to the Tsar and whose ataman also resided in Orenburg. As Slavs, some of these were married to Tatar , Bashkir and Kazakh women. This alliance was intended to strengthen the military position of the Alash Orda against the Bolsheviks, as their own troops were unable to defend the area populated by the Kazakhs or a closed territory against the Bolsheviks.

The Alasch Orda was mainly worn by members of the “Cadet Party” (Constituent Democratic Party of Russia), a large number of whom were ethnic Kazakhs. It was Älichan Bökeichan and his followers who strictly opposed the Bolshevik takeover of power in the October Revolution . Instead, together with Tatar and Bashkir nationalists as well as Russian social revolutionaries and liberals, he insisted that the future state order of a democratic, federated Russia must be determined by the Constituent Assembly. This quickly brought the Alash Orda into conflict with the new Russian Soviet government. Under the influence of Chokayev and the mullahs who supported him , large parts of the Alash members also took part in the uprisings taking place in Turkestan at the time, which further exacerbated the opposition to the Soviet government.

The Alasch Orda fell apart and was defeated by the Red Army

In April 1919 the Alasch Orda collapsed internally and three more or less independent regions emerged on its territory. The "Orenburg region" was subordinate to Älichan Bökeichan, the "Turgaj region" to the Imanov brothers ( Abdulgaffar and Amangeldy Imanow ) and the "Semipalatinsk region" to Mustafa Chokayev. The main reason for this internal decline was a comparison of Mustafa Chokayev with Soviet Russia and an agreement concluded with it. After negotiations with the “whites”, that is, with the side of the civil war loyal to the Tsar, had failed, Chokayev allied himself with the “reds” . The agreement of the Kazakh nationalists with the “whites” failed mainly because of Russian nationalism. He also saw a future Russia as a central unitary state in which only the Russians were the state-bearing stratum and the minorities and other peoples continued to be only subjects. Most of the Cossack associations withdrew from the area of ​​the Alasch Orda and only a small part of the Ural Cossacks, mainly consisting of language-related Nagaibaks , remained there as an ally of Bökeichan. During 1919, the few troops of the Alash Orda and the Cossack associations allied with them were defeated by the Red Army and their leaders were largely killed.

Dissolution of the Alasch Orda state

With the defeat by the Red Army (1919), the Alash party fell into political insignificance. In August 1920 the area of ​​the Alash Orda was annexed to Soviet Russia under the name " Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic " .

The few survivors of the pan-Turkish militant wing of the Alash party moved to southern Turkestan and joined the Basmachi resistance movement there . The reform-minded members joined the Communist Party of Turkestan and took on the functions of "political commissioners".

Until April 1928, the representatives of the Alash Orda remained political leaders in the region. They were now regarded as rebellious members of the "Turkestan KP". Despite the fact that they now belonged to the CPSU, their leaders continued to represent the maintenance of the traditional tribal structures. Starting in April 1928, Josef Stalin had the Kazakh-Kyrgyz intelligentsia publicly tried and murdered in show trials as “bourgeois nationalists” or “supporters of anti-systemic nationalist aspirations”.

See also

literature

Web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ This autonomy included both Kazakhs and Kyrgyz people . Both nations were then uniformly summed up under the name "Kyrgyz". The Kazakhs included the "Kazak Kyrgyz" and were considered steppe dwellers, while the Kyrgyz as "Kara Kyrgyz" and were viewed as mountain dwellers.
  2. ↑ Erhard Stölting: A world power breaks apart , p. 196.