Medium horde

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kazakh khanate and territory
  • of the Little Horde
  • of the Middle Horde
  • of the Great Horde

    • Middle Horde ( Kazakh. Орта жүз / Orta jüz "middle shot") was the name of a Kazakh tribal federation of the 16th century .

    Starting from Tsarist Russia , the other Europeans also wrongly called the Middle Horde in the 18th and 19th centuries the Middle Kyrgyz Horde . This came about because the Russia of that time wanted to differentiate the Kazakhs from the Slavic Cossacks ( Russian Казак / kazak ). So they called the Kazakhs as "Kazak Kirghiz" in the beginning. From 1917 to 1920 the area of ​​the Middle Horde belonged to the Kazakh Alash Orda state .

    Scope and tribal structure

    Like all Central Asian nomadic empires , the area of ​​the Middle Horde was not determined by any fixed and clearly defined borders. The Middle Horde comprised the north, the northeast and the center of today's Kazakhstan . The relatives were made up of nomadic tribes . The following clans belonged to the Middle Horde: Argyn, Kirei, Naiman, Qongrat, Qipcaq and Yak. Some of the clan names refer to older Turkish and Mongolian tribes , whose remains were integrated here. A loose supremacy was also exercised in the Kazakh- speaking areas that are now in Russia ( Altai Region and Altai Republic ).

    history

    In 1509 the Gengiskhanide Qasym Khan founded the independent Kazak khanate . After 1518 this split into three apanages ( partial dominions ), from which, among other things, the Middle Horde emerged. Their princes mostly also acted as rulers of the neighboring Great Horde . But also princes of the Great Horde often appear as princes of the Middle Horde, so that a clear distinction between the two khanates is difficult.

    In the 18th century there were the first clashes with Slavic new settlers and with the neighboring western Mongolian jungles . In the fight against the latter, Abu'l-Hayr (r. 1717 / 28–1748), a Khan of the Small Horde, was elected prince of the Middle Horde. In the face of devastating attacks by the jungles, whose princes also derived from Genghis Khan , the Middle Horde voluntarily submitted to Russian protection in 1740. The princes of the Little Horde were considered vassals of the Russian tsar .

    Between 1795 and 1806 a number of clan leaders asked the Tsar for permission to depose Khan Vali (ruled 1781–1818 / 9), who was not loved by them. In order to create a counterbalance to Vali, the Tsar appointed Bökey Khan as a co-regent in the Middle Horde in 1812 .

    In 1822 the Middle Horde was disbanded and placed under direct Russian administration. It was quickly started to settle large parts of the Kazakhs and to assign the pasture area that was no longer needed to new settlers. In response to this began between 1825 and 1834 under the grandsons of Abylai Khan, Sarschan Kasymow and Ubaidullah Walichanow, uprising in the area of ​​the former Middle Horde (1825–34). A little later, with Kenisari (reigned 1837-46 / 47), another grandson of Abylais, took over the role of leader of the revolution .

    Well-known princes of the Middle Horde in the 18th and 19th centuries

    • Tawke Khan 1680-1715 / 8
    • Bolat Khan 1698 / 1718–1729 / 31 (son of Tawkes)
    • Semeke Shah Muhammed 1719–1731 (? Possibly a synonym for Bolat Khan)
    • Abu'l-Hayr (reigned 1717 / 28–1748, actually Small Horde )
    • Abu'l Muhammed 1729 / 31–71 (son of Bulat, retired politically around 1750)
    • Baraq and Kuchuk 1731–1750 (unsecured origin, distant relatives)
    • Abylai 1731 / 71–81 (unsecured origin, distant relatives)
      • Bolat from 1748 (son of Abu'l Muhammad, Kirei Sultan)
    • Abulfaiz (son of Abu'l Muhammad, fled to the Russians in 1775)
    • Dair (son of Baraq, protested to the Russians in 1771)
    • Abdullah 1781 (son of Abylais)
    • Vali Khan 1781–1819 (son of Abylais)
    • several rivals, especially in the later years of life
    • Yeraly approx. 1791–94 (son of Abu'l-Hayr, Kirei Sultan)
    • Buqai , appointed by the tsar as co-regent of Vali Khan in 1812 (grandson of Abu'l-Hayr)

    See also

    Remarks

    1. ^ Peter Truhart, Regent Tables II. (Asia), Munich, New York 1985, p. 1107
    2. ↑ Abu'l Muhammed, Abylai and other clan leaders appeared in Orenburg in 1740 and swore allegiance to the governor Prince Urussof there in a grand ceremony during the negotiations. See Howorth, History of the Mongols, p. 644.
    3. ^ Howorth, History of the Mongols, p. 642