Alash Party (historical)

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Flag of the Alash Party (1917-1920)

Alasch was a political party that existed between spring 1917 and August 1920. She was the bearer of the " Kyrgyz autonomy " and the party organ was named Qazaq .

history

prehistory

In 1905 two congresses took place in Orenburg and Werny , organized by the Duma deputy Älichan Bökeichan , the linguist Akhmet Baitursynuly and the writer Mirschaqyp Dulatuly . On these meetings for the first time joined Kazakh and Kyrgyz intellectuals to a constitutional-democratic and country team performance emphasized nationally oriented "National Movement" together, which was named "Alash". Politically, however, this Alash movement remained insignificant.

Founding of the Alash party

In April 1917, a Muslim Congress took place in Tashkent , at which a “Central Council of Turkestan Muslims / National Center” was formed. The organizer was Mustafa Tschokajew , who also took over the chairmanship of the Central Council. At this Muslim congress, the Kazakh and Kyrgyz intelligentsia united again to form an "Alash movement".

When a revolution broke out in Tsarist Russia in February 1917 , Kazakh and Kyrgyz intellectuals founded a "national party" for the steppe peoples in the general governments of Turkestan and Steppe, which was named "Alash Orda".

The seat of the Alash party was in Orenburg. The party was mainly supported by members of the "Cadet Party" ( Constitutional Democratic Party ), a large number of whom were ethnic Kazakhs. Älichan Bökeichan was the most influential member of the new party, as he had also been a member of the Russian parliament, the Duma , since 1906 . Bökeichan had joined the "Constituent Democratic Party of Russia" as a cadet in the Russian army in 1905. Within this party he belonged to the social democratically oriented "Tschantschylar" faction , which was politically close in many respects to the Russian "social revolutionaries". The Alash Party, along with other Turkic-speaking peoples of the Russian Empire, called for the transformation of the Russian Empire into a federal state. At the same time, an autonomous Kazakh-Kyrgyz national state was demanded for the Central Asian steppe nomads , which should include all peoples regarded as "Kyrgyz".

The first All-Kyrgyz Muslim Congress was held in Orenburg from July 21 to 28, 1917 . It called for the creation of an autonomous Kazakh-Kyrgyz national state within Russia. In the future this should get a federal structure in which all peoples and nations had equal rights. In order to achieve this goal of autonomy, the "Kirghiz" of the empire should work together with the other Turkic peoples of the Russian empire. This congress, however, strictly rejected the subordination of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to a possible unified political unity comprising all Turkic peoples. 14 resolutions were also passed for the future of the region.

The three main demands of the Alash party were:

  1. The renewal and modernization of Islam in Central Asia
  2. The right of the Central Asian steppe peoples, especially the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, to traditional nomadism . This was associated with the reversal of the forced settling of the steppe nomads, which began in the Tsarist era.
  3. The resettlement of the numerous in Turkestan represented Russian and Ukrainian settlers

With these announced goals, the new party was under the influence of the Panturkists and the Jadidists alike. The basic program of the Alasch party came from the pen of Bökeichan and was also presented at this Muslim congress.

The Alash Party began working closely with the “Central Council of Turkestan Muslims”. In addition, as with the close ties in Ottoman Empire resulting Young Turk movement and the resulting on the Volga-Kama-area "Tartar-Bashkir Committee " of Tartar I Sultan Galiyev .

Formation of two factions within the Alasch party and the Kokander autonomy

During the formation of the party it became clear that there were two main currents within the Alash. Because in the spring of 1917 Mustafa Tschokajew founded a Kyrgyz section of the Alasch Orda in Bishkek . This mainly included the Muslim traditionists of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, who called themselves "Kadimchilar" (from Arabic قديم / qadim = old). This wing was also considered the right-wing conservative wing of the Alash movement. Kokand became the official seat of this Alasch wing .

In Kokand, Mustafa Tschokajew proclaimed the " Khanate Kokand ", which claimed government rights over the whole of Turkestan and took over the highest ministerial post. But this “all-Turkestan government” was powerless because it had neither a proper administration nor regular troops. It was to be seen as a pure “shadow government”. Chokayev now hoped for the support of the other khanates in the region. But these had their own problems at the time, as Soviets were now also claiming government in their areas.

The larger left wing of the party, which was under the leadership of Bökeichan and under the strong influence of the Jadidists (from Arabic جديد / cedid = new), received the recognition that Chokayev was denied. For example, Bökeichan was regarded by the Kazakh nomads as "Tore" - a Kazakh prince title - as a Gengiskhanide , as a legitimate descendant of Genghis Khan and accordingly had a great reputation among the Beks of the tribes. Tschokajew that the area Syrdarya controlled and today's eastern Kazakhstan, was only the traditionalists as "real leaders" of Alash movement.

Proclamation of "Kyrgyz autonomy" and the alliance with the Ural Cossacks

At a joint meeting in Orenburg in December 1917, the representatives of the Bashkirs and the "Alash" proclaimed their autonomy within Russia and now also made contact with the Ural Cossacks , who were loyal to the Tsar and whose ataman also resided in Orenburg. As Slavs, some of these were married to Tatar , Bashkir and Kazakh women. This alliance was supposed to strengthen the military position of the Alash Orda against the Bolsheviks, as their own troops were unable to defend the area populated by the Kazakhs or a closed territory against the Bolsheviks.

The fall of autonomy

Structure of the Alasch Orda State (1917–1920)

It was the reform-oriented and western-oriented Alash wing under Bökeichan who strictly rejected the Bolsheviks' takeover of power in the October Revolution . Instead, together with Tatar and Bashkir nationalists as well as Russian social revolutionaries and liberals, he insisted that the future state order of a democratic, federated Russia must be determined by the Constituent Assembly. This quickly brought her into conflict with the new Russian Soviet government. Under the influence of Chokayev and the mullahs who supported him , large parts of the Alash members also took part in the uprisings taking place in Turkestan at the time , which further intensified the opposition to the Soviet government.

In April 1919 the Alash Orda collapsed internally, and three more or less independent regions emerged on its territory, formed from the Orenburg, Turgaj and Semipalatinsk regions. The former was subordinate to Älichan Bökeichan, the middle to the Imanow brothers ( Abdulgaffar and Amangeldy Imanow ) and the latter to Mustafa Tschokajew.

The main reason for this internal decline was a comparison of Mustafa Chokayev with the new Soviet government. This also included an agreement with them. After negotiations with the “whites”, that is, with the side of the civil war loyal to the Tsar, had failed, Chokayev allied himself with the “reds” .

The unification of the Kazakh intellectuals with the “whites” failed mainly because of Russian nationalism. He also saw a future Russia as a central unitary state in which only the Russians were the state-bearing stratum and the minorities and other peoples continued to be only subjects. Most of the Cossack associations withdrew from the area of ​​the Alasch Orda and only a small part of the Ural Cossacks, mainly consisting of language-related Nagaibaks , remained there as an ally of Bökeichan. During 1919, the few troops of the Alash Orda and the Cossack associations allied with them were defeated by the Red Army and their leaders were largely killed.

End of the Alash Orda as a party and takeover into the KP Turkestan

With the defeat by the Red Army (1919), the Alash Party fell into political insignificance when the Moscow central government abolished the Kyrgyz-Kazakh autonomy of the Alash Orda and placed the territory directly under the administration of the RSFSR. In August 1920 the Alash party was dissolved and the “Kyrgyz autonomy” was officially ended. The area of ​​the Alash Orda was annexed to the Russian Federal Soviet Socialist Republic under the name " Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic " .

The few survivors of the pan-Turkish militant wing of the Alash party moved to southern Turkestan and joined the Basmachi resistance movement there . The reform-minded members joined the Communist Party of Turkestan and took on the functions of "political commissioners".

Until 1928, the representatives of the Alash Orda remained political leaders in the region. They were now regarded as rebellious members of the "Turkestan KP". Despite the fact that they now belonged to the CPSU, their leaders continued to represent the maintenance of the traditional tribal structures.

Assassination of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz intelligentsia

In April 1928 Josef Stalin had the Kazakh and Kyrgyz intelligentsia murdered by accusing them of “nationalist aspirations” and “bourgeois nationalism” and having them tried. Älichan Bökeichan moved to Moscow and was no longer a member of parliament. In many cases he was only used as an interpreter. Politically, Bökeichan had become completely insignificant. In Russia he wrote for several Turkish-language newspapers and wrote several books. In 1921, Bökeichan co-founded the newspaper Jaz Alaş and independently published the Kazakh newspaper Qazaq tili ("Kazakh language"). He died in Moscow on November 27, 1937 under circumstances that were not entirely clear; but it was suspected that the former leader of the Alash Orda was murdered by the Russian "People's Commissariat of the Interior", the NKVD, on the orders of Stalin .

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erhard Stölting: Eine Weltmacht breaks apart , p. 168
  2. ↑ a b Erhard Stölting: A world power breaks apart , pp. 195/196