horde
A horde , in the general sense, is a wandering wild gang or flock . Mongolian and Tatar tribal and army units in particular were referred to as hordes . The ethnology or ethnology understands as a horde of hunters a small social group of hunters, fishermen and gatherers among pre-state peoples. In the sense of a " herd ", horde is also used for any collection of people or animals.
Word origin and change in meaning
The Turkic language ordu or orda (less commonly ordï ) originally meant "camp, camp". The name was borrowed from Polish , where the consonantic initial sound can be detected for the first time, in various European languages (English horde , French horde , Spanish horda , Italian orda , Russian Орда́ ). The first evidence in the English language dates back to 1555, in French to 1559. In German, the Grimm's German dictionary dates the “first occurrence” to 1768, but later cites Nehring's historical, political and legal lexicon from 1736: “horden, so the deposit of their tartar is called ”. The current edition of the German Etymological Dictionary states that the word comes from the 15th century.
The meaning of the word "horde" expanded to designate Mongolian , Turkish or Turkish army units. In modern Turkish , ordu is the term for "army, army" to this day. The name of the Indian language Urdu also developed from the word, which was previously classified as Persian . In colloquial and high-level language , “Horde” was also used in general terms for other armies, often in connection with its word history and a conjured “Turkish distress” in a derogatory way with connotations of disorder or even brutality.
In ethnology , the terms “horde” and “ horde society ” correspond to the English band (“group, gang”) and band society from British political anthropology .
Mongolian / Tatar hordes
Derived from the originally Mongolian word ordu and its meaning as a (military) field camp , various tribal and army associations of the Turkic-speaking conquerors of large parts of Asia and Eastern Europe as well as their domains or parts of them are referred to as "hordes". Mongol groups called themselves Orda , Tatar associations and tribes called themselves Urda .
Well-known examples are the Mongolian states of the Golden Horde (Altan Orda) , the Blue Horde (Qöq Orda) , the White Horde (Ak Ordu) and others or the tribal federation of the Bökey Horde (Bökeý Ordası) . From the Tatar Nogai Horde , the current developed Turkic people of Nogay . The Kazakhs are still divided into three hordes, called Schüs ( Kazakh Jüz "department"): Small Horde , Medium Horde and Large Horde .
literature
- Horde . In: German Foreign Dictionary . 2nd edition, Volume 7 ( habilitation - hysterical ), De Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-025253-8 , pp. 384–391.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lexicon entry: Horde . In: Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd Edition. 1989.
- ^ Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm : Horde 2). In: German dictionary . Volume 10, Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1961, column 1805.
- ↑ Friedrich Kluge (Ed.): Horde. In: Etymological dictionary of the German language . 23rd, expanded edition. Berlin 1995, p. 383. Note: Kluge wrote in 1881 “since the middle of the 17th century” ( online at archive.org).
- ↑ Carter Vaughn Findley: The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-516770-8 , p. 123 ( side view in the Google book search): “[…] the term ordu […] is still the word for“ army ”in Turkish. In the form "Urdu", it is the name for the Islamic, Arabic-script version of the language, originally spoken in the Delhi region, which is also known in its Hindu version as Hindi ".