Big clover coconut weevil

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Big clover coconut weevil
Big clover coconut weevil

Big clover coconut weevil

Systematics
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera)
Subordination : Polyphaga
Family : Weevil (Curculionidae)
Subfamily : Hyperinae
Genre : Brachypera
Type : Big clover coconut weevil
Scientific name
Brachypera zoilus
( Scopoli , 1763)

The Big Clover Kokonrüssler or Clover Gespinstrüssler even clover rodents ( Brachypera Zoilus , in the Fauna Europaea Donus Zoilus , in the standard work Joy Harde-Lohse Hypera Zoilus at Reitter Phytonomus punctatus ) is a beetle from the family of weevils .

The beetle is inconspicuous in its original range. However, it has extended this to North America and Japan and occurs there occasionally as pests on alfalfa and clover . The larvae spin themselves to pupate in a cocoon one.

The species is not subject to any protection in Germany.

Comments on the name and the system

The species was first described by Scopoli in 1775 under the name Curculio zoilus . Independently of this, Fabricius published a description of the same species under the name Curculio punctatus in the same year . Zoilus was a Greek orator whose name is used several times as a species name in entomology . The Latin description of Scopoli gives no indication of the reason for the name. Fabricius refers in his description to the spotted wing cover. This explains the species name punctatus ( Latin punctātus dotted) when describing the beetle .

Since some local varieties were later described as species, there are numerous synonyms :

  • Curculio austriacus cupboard , 1781
  • Curculio linzensis Gmelin , 1790
  • Curculio medius Marsham , 1802
  • Curculio pictus Fourcroy , 1785
  • Curculio punctatus Fabricius , 1775
  • Phytonomus falaciosus Desbrochers , 1896
  • Phytonomus lineellus Gerth , 1910
  • Phytonomus opimus LeConte , 1876
  • Phytonomus proximus Carmagnola , 1833
  • Phytonomus rufus Bohemann , 1884

During the multiple splitting of the genus Curculio , the species was added to the genera Phytonomus , Hypera , Brachypera and Donus . The species name given by Linnaeus was usually used. The generic name Donus cannot be derived. The name of the subgenus Antidonus means ( old Greek αντί antí against, instead of) similar to the genus Donus .

The closely related genera Donus and Hypera are represented in Central Europe with around 31 species. The large clover coconut weevil belongs to the subgenus Antidonus , which is represented by eleven species in Europe. The genus Donus is represented in Europe with two subgenera and 36 species. 113 species are distinguished worldwide. The genus Hypera is also rich in species. The position of the subgenus Antidonus is controversial, it is placed either in the genus Donus , in the genus Hypera or in the genus Brachypera .

Hypera zoilus detail.jpg
Fig.1: wing covers, right partial pronotum
1,2,3,4 ......: first, second, third, ... Interval
S: wing cover suture; a, b, c,…: rows of points
Hypera zoilus up.jpg Hypera zoilus side.jpg
Fig.2: Scaly rubbed off Fig.3: Side view

Characteristics of the beetle

The compactly built beetle reaches a length of just under six to nine millimeters. The brownish body is covered with attached scales and protruding hairs.

The head is extended like a trunk forward. The trunk is noticeably short and thick, at most twice as long as it is wide. The feelers are pivoted near the tip of the trunk. They consist of a long basal limb (scapus). A nine-segment flagellum followed by a club followed by a kink. The scapus can be inserted into the feeler groove and then extends approximately to the middle of the eye. The feeler groove begins on the upper side of the trunk and runs out on the side of the trunk to the lower edge of the eye. The eyes are lateral and oval, the horizontal extent smaller than the vertical.

The pronotum is seamlessly fused with the rest of the front breast. It is only slightly rounded on the sides and about the same length as it is wide. It tapers more towards the front than towards the rear.

The gray-brown elytra have well-developed shoulders and are together significantly wider than the pronotum . They are densely scaled. The wing cover scales are trimmed at the back, but not pointed at the rear corners. Long, protruding hair bristles appear between the scales (Fig. 1). The rows of clearly indented points run parallel and are separated by wider spaces (clearly visible in Fig. 2). The first, third and fifth spaces are usually lighter-colored, as are the seventh to eleventh on the wing cover side (Fig. 1). In the first, third, fifth and seventh spaces there are moderately raised darker, velvety spots (grid spots). However, this feature alone is not sufficient for a determination, since on the one hand it also occurs in related species (for example in Hypera vidua ( Donus vidua )), on the other hand the scaling can be worn off (Fig. 2).

The first sternite of the abdomen has a process that protrudes between the rear hips and is wider than a rear hip. The rails each have an end pin on the inside. The tarsi are all four-part. The claws are not grown together at the base.

biology

The beetle can be found all year round on a wide range of butterflies . The larvae (picture as web link) can be harmful to clover species and alfalfa . They develop freely on their host plants. Similar to the caterpillars, they have belly slides. They pupate in a cocoon attached to the plant. This consists of irregular meshes made of coarse, brownish threads. It reaches a length of eight millimeters. The meshes are quite tight, but reveal the dark pupa inside the cocoon.

The females lay between two hundred and three hundred eggs in or on the stems of the host plant. The following information was obtained from a study near Madrid ( Spain ) in alfalfa cultures and in the laboratory. The adults appear at the end of May, beginning of June and eat lucerne intensively, then they go to the ground and hide under stones, twigs or other objects on the edge of the fields. There they spend the summer immobile and without further food intake. After the summer diapause , the beetles begin to eat again, and soon afterwards the eggs are laid in rows on the stalks of the alfalfa. The amber colored eggs are ellipsoidal and about 1 mm long. The whitish larvae hatch after about twenty days. They feed on freshly formed tissue. Over the winter months, the larvae develop slowly due to the low temperatures and lack of food. They use the warmer days to eat, but in March they reach the third or fourth instar. During the final larval stages, the larva is green to straw yellow with a thin white line on its back. This is limited by very fine reddish lines that are interrupted between the segments. The similar larvae of Hypera postica lack these reddish lines . The first cocoons appear in April, which are spun at the bottom of the stem. This is where pupation of the fourth larval stage takes place. The first females appear at the end of May.

An investigation in the USA also found that the larvae overwintered as a normal case. The imago eats food for three to four weeks after hatching. The maximum food intake occurs about 5 days after hatching, after about 11 days the amount of food consumed decreases significantly.

The development of the larvae in winter under different temperatures was studied in Japan. Low temperatures inhibit larval development.

In the study in Spain, the adults died in October at the latest, while the overwintering of adults is reported from other regions. Overwintering in the ice stage is also reported from the USA .

distribution

The species is distributed throughout the Palearctic and not rare. It has also been introduced to other parts of the world. It has also been at home in North America since the late 19th century and has spread rapidly there. The species has also been reported from Japan since 1978.

literature

Web links

Commons : Large Clover Spinnaker  Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ MA Alonso-Zarazaga, H. Barrios, R. Borovec, P. Bouchard, R. Caldara, E. Colonnelli, L. Gültekin, P. Hlaváþ, B. Korotyaev, CHC Lyal, A. Machado, M. Meregalli, H. Pierotti, L. Ren, M. Sánchez-Ruiz, A. Sforzi, H. Silfverberg, J. Skuhrovec, M. Trýzna, AJ Velázquez de Castro & NN Yunakov (2017) Cooperative Catalog of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Monografías electrónicas SEA, vol. 8, 729 pp. http://sea-entomologia.org/monoelec.html
  2. ↑ a b Heinz Freude , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): Die Käfer Mitteleuropas . tape  11 . Rhynchophora (end). Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-87263-031-8 . P.143
  3. ↑ Edm. Reitter: Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire , Volume V. KG Lutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1916, p. 102
  4. ↑ a b c Donus zoilus near Fauna Europaea. Retrieved September 14, 2011
  5. ↑ Red lists at BioNetworkX
  6. ↑ JA Scopoli: Entomologia Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliæ indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnæana Vindobonae 1763 Original description on p.71: 33 as No. 103 at GDZ
  7. ↑ Io. Christ. Fabricius: Systema Entomologiae Flensburg, Leipzig 1775 first description p. 150 No. 119
  8. ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
  9. ↑ a b Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus)
  10. ↑ a b Antidonus (subgenus) in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved September 15, 2011
  11. ^ Donus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 11, 2013
  12. ↑ Donus Donus (subgenus) in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 11, 2013
  13. ↑ Rolf G. Oberprieler, Roberto Caldara, Jiri Skuhrovec: Bagoinin, Gonipterini, Hyperini. In: Leschen RAB, Beutel RG (editors), Handbook of Zoology, Vol. IV Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 39. Coleoptera, Vol. 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). - Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, New York. ISBN 978-3-11-027446-2 limited preview on Google Books
  14. ↑ Species of the genus Hypera at BioLib
  15. ↑ Hypera in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 13, 2013
  16. ↑ Jiří SKUHROVEC: Taxonomic changes within the tribe Hyperini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Volume 48 (2), pp. 677-690 ISSN  0374-1036 as PDF ( memento of the original from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aemnp.eu
  17. ↑ Charley Eiseman, Noah Charney: Tracks & sign of insects and other invertebrates: a guide to North American species . Stackpole Books, 2010
  18. ↑ AH Kilman: Phytonomus punctatus . In: The Canadian Entomologist , 1884, 16 (8)
  19. ↑ a b P. Gurrea: Contribución al conocimiento del ciclo biológico of the Hypera zoilus Scop. Bol. Serc. Plagas, 8: 63-67, 1982 as PDF
  20. ↑ a b Peterson, Higley, Danielson: Alfalfa Consumation by Adult clover leaf weevil (Coleoptera Curculionidae) and Development of Injury Equivalents for Stubble Defoliators . J.Econ.Entomol. 88 (5) 1441-1444 (1995) digitalcommons.unl.edu
  21. ↑ M. Watanabe: Photoperiodic and thermal regulation of development and cold hardiness in larvae of the clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata Cryobiology 2000 Jun; 40 (4): 294-301, PMID 10924261
  22. ↑ M. Watanabe, K. Tanaka: Overwintering status and cold hardiness of Hypera punctata Cryobiology 1997 Nov; 35 (3): 270-6, PMID 9367614
  23. ↑ AS Balachowsky: Entomology Appliqué à L'agriculture . Masson, 1963
  24. ↑ Christopher G. Majka, Robert S. Anderson, Donald F. McAlpine, and Reginald P. Webster: The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, I: New records from New Brunswick . In: The Canadian Entomologist , 139 (3): 378-396. 2007. doi: 10.4039 / n06-008 at Bioone
  25. ↑ M. Watanabe: Occurence of the Clover Leaf Weevil, Hypera punctata (L.), in Japan Appl. Ent. Zool. 14 (4): 494-495 (1979)