Altitude sanctuary

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As high places are sanctuaries on surveys or mountain saddles referred, for various cultures of the antiquity are known. Most of them were places of sacrifice in the open air. According to archaeological evidence, the so-called fire sanctuaries of Ba'al in the Middle East are among the oldest known of their kind.

Aegean

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From the Minoan culture on Crete from the phases FM III / MM I (approx. 2200–2100 BC) summit sanctuaries are known, which are later also found in areas influenced by Minoan or trading with the Minoans, such as Kythera . Possibly they were influenced by the fire-altitude sanctuaries of the Middle East. The Minoan summit sanctuaries were abandoned in phase MM III (around 1700 BC). On the Greek mainland, in Attica and the Eastern Peloponnese , summit sanctuaries have only been attested since the Geometric period (around 800 BC).

Levant

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The standard equipment of the Levantine high-altitude sanctuary included altars, stakes of the gods of the Asherah and mazzebi .

The Israelites also used high altitude sanctuaries ( Hebrew במה bamah , plural במות bamot ), although these were opposed by the prophets (especially in the southern kingdom of Judah ) from the 8th century . Beth-el or Bethel (House of El) is considered to be one of the oldest high altitude sanctuaries in the country. In Bethel and at Gezer there were still huge planes. There were two ground planes in the mountain sanctuary of Tel Arad (one recently removed).

The fact that the “heights”, as they are abbreviated, were not just solid structures, but sacred areas with weather-prone equipment explains the mostly poor archaeological evidence. Places where only ashes and broken glass are found are difficult to classify. Alleged altars in the Jezreel plain turned out to be part of stables, the high-altitude sanctuary of Gezer as a cemetery.

There seems to have been relationships between burial sites and the high-altitude shrines, as is known from finds of Phoenician Tephatim in Sardinia .

Altitude sanctuaries from other cultures

Many prehistoric and historical cultures worshiped deities on the heights ( Göbekli Tepe , Keldağ in Syria or the Gallo-Roman Tegna in Ticino ).

literature

  • Glyn Daniel : Encyclopedia of Archeology . Pp. 201, 1966, ISBN 3-930656-37-X
  • Crista Frateantonio, Heike Kunz: Altitude sanctuary. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 5, Metzler, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-476-01475-4 , Sp. 657.
  • Michael Tschurtschenthaler: A latène and early imperial burnt offering place and a late antique pass or high altitude sanctuary on the Pillerhöhe .
  • Jürgen E. Walkowitz: Quantum leaps of archeology In: Varia neolithica IV, 2006, ISBN 3-937517-43-X

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Crista Frateantonio, Heike Kunz: Höhenheiligtum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 5, Metzler, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-476-01475-4 , Sp. 657.
  2. ↑ a b Katja Sporn : "The divine Helicon". Mountain cults or cults on the mountains in Greece? In: Rupert Breitwieser, Monika Frass, Georg Nightingale (eds.): Calamus. Festschrift for Herbert Graßl on the occasion of his 65th birthday (= Joachim Hengstl, Torsten Mattern, Robert Rollinger, Kai Ruffing, Orell Witthuhn [eds.]: Philippika. Marburg antiquity treatises 57 ). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-447-06856-7 , pp. 465 ( digitized version [accessed July 31, 2018]).

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