Haxhi Qamili

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Haxhi Qamili (seated) in Durres in July 1915

Haxhi qamili (* 1876 as Qamil Zyber Xhameta in the village Sharrë in Tirana ; † in June 1915 in Durres ) was leader of the egalitarian and anti-feudal movement in Albania from 1914 to 1915. Known in the Albanian people by his religious title Haxhi , he led the central Albanian uprising of Islamic peasants in 1914.

Life

Qamili came from a humble background and was born in Sharra near the Albanian capital Tirana. He became the sheikh of a Tekke belonging to the Melami - Tariqa . In May 1914, a movement of the poor rural population, influenced by the Young Turks , emerged in the districts around Tirana and Shijak against the authoritarian monarchist rule of Prince Wilhelm of Albania , the Christian ruler of the Principality of Albania supported by the foreign western powers . After October of that year, the movement's leading intellectuals embarked on a political and economic program when the prince fled the country because of the uprisings and the Muslim Essad Pasha Toptani , a supporter of the feudal lords , took power. Qamili became one of the leading figures of the renewed rebellion and was appointed commander in chief by the insurgents. In January 1915, Qamili, together with other rebel leaders, had the National Congress meet in Tirana and, on behalf of the entire Albanian people, declared the illegality of the Durrës- based government of Essad, and at the same time confirmed Albania's neutrality in the First World War .

In an effort to support the Essad government and to advance its own territorial goals, the Kingdom of Serbia launched a campaign of conquest in central Albania on June 2, 1915, but quickly met tough resistance from Qamili in Qukës , where the rebels were outnumbered and too light were armed. Eventually they were beaten by the Serbs . Through this intervention, the "rebellion with vague, unreached political goals that nonetheless have a popular and social base" was put down. The Serbian soldiers arrested Qamili and other rebel leaders and sent them to Durrës prisons, where they were sentenced to death by hanging in a court headed by Xhelal Bey Zogu .

The execution of Haxhi Qamili

reception

Enver Hoxha noted that the peasant movement under Qamili's professional leadership was mainly one of the rural poor who relied on traditional forms of government such as village councils to organize and lead a struggle against feudal interests. Qamili preached that all property should be given to the impoverished according to personal needs, quoting the Koran and expressing the opinion of the Melami Order, which was against the concept of private property . The peasant rebels under Qamil's command confiscated the properties of large landowners, burned the beys' houses and offered support to the poor, infirm and orphans. The rebellion succeeded quickly and restricted Essad's government to Durrës.

Hoxha took Qamilis movement as "against the feudal lords, pashas , beys and Agha , landowners and privileged generally" together. Since he had declared this uprising as a social revolutionary, other assessments, such as marking it as a pro-Ottoman-Islamic revolt against Albania's independence, were no longer possible under communist rule.

bibliography

  • Robert Elsie : A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture . IB Taurus & Co Ltd, London 2001.
  • Kristo Frashëri: The History of Albania: A Brief Survey . Tirana 1964.
  • Enver Hoxha: Vepra . 23rd edition. Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori", Tirana 1977.
  • Hasan Kaleshi: Haxhi Qamili , in: Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Vol. 2. Munich 1976, pp. 131-133
  • Owen Pearson: Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908-1939 . In: Albania in the Twentieth Century, a History . tape I . IBTauris, London 2004, ISBN 1-84511-013-7 .
  • Stefanaq Pollo, Arben Puto: The History of Albania: From its Origins to the Present Day . Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London 1981.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Owen Pearson: Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908-1939 . In: Albania in the Twentieth Century, a History . tape I . IBTauris, London 2004, ISBN 1-84511-013-7 , pp. 84 .
  2. ^ Robert Elsie: A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture . Hurst & Company, London 2001, ISBN 1-85065-570-7 , keyword Melami order of dervishes , p. 178 .
  3. ^ Kristo Frashëri: The History of Albania: A Brief Survey. 1964, p. 192.
  4. ↑ a b c d Stefanaq Pollo, Arben Puto: The History of Albania: From its Origins to the Present Day . Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London 1981, pp. 164 f .
  5. ^ A b Kristo Frashëri: The History of Albania: A Brief Survey. 1964, p. 196.
  6. ↑ Owen Pearson: Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908-1939 . In: Albania in the Twentieth Century, a History . tape I . IBTauris, London 2004, ISBN 1-84511-013-7 , pp. 87 .
  7. ^ Kristo Frashëri: The History of Albania: A Brief Survey. 1964, p. 198.
  8. ↑ Owen Pearson: Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908-1939 . In: Albania in the Twentieth Century, a History . tape I . IBTauris, London 2004, ISBN 1-84511-013-7 , pp. 90 .
  9. ↑ Enver Hoxha: Vepra. 1977, p. 142.
  10. ↑ Enver Hoxha: Vepra. 1977, p. 171.
  11. ↑ Michael Schmidt-Neke: Can Albania explain North Korea? Thoughts on phenomena of peripheral socialism models , Albanische Hefte 4/2004, p.22, pdf
personal data
SURNAME Qamili, Haxhi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Qamil Zyber Xhameta
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Albanian revolutionary
DATE OF BIRTH 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH Sharrë near Tirana , Ottoman Empire
DATE OF DEATH June 1915
Place of death Durrës , Principality of Albania