Hebephilia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hebephilia (from Hebe , Greek goddess of youth, and Greek φιλία philia "friendship") is the erotic and sexual preference of an adult for pubescent boys and / or girls between the ages of 11 and 16. A precise definition of the age is difficult due to the different physical and psychological onset of puberty from case to case. It always differentiates itself from pedophilia , the affection for prepubertal children. In the case of an attraction to male adolescents, one usually speaks of ephebophilia , with adolescent girls of parthenophilia . Sometimes the term Hebephilia is used to refer to early puberty and the other two terms refer to middle and late puberty. The name Hebephilie was first used in North America in the 1950s, with more research into this preference, particularly since the early 2000s.

In the sex sciences, a majority of the opinion is that Hebephilia is an independent chronophilia that can be clearly distinguished from other tendencies . The subject of intense debate, however, is the question of whether it should be classified as paraphilia or as a non-pathological sexual preference. It has not yet been recorded as an independent mental disorder in either the DSM-5 or the ICD-10 , but since 2008 there has been regular discussion about inclusion in future editions of the two classification systems.

etymology

The term was introduced in 1955/56 by the North American Bernard C. Glueck. According to early sources from 1955 and 1957, it was minted by Paul Benedict in 1955 or earlier. It is named after Hebe , the Greek goddess of youth.

Glueck used the term to differentiate between five categories of (male) sex criminals:

  1. Rape (coitus with women)
  2. heterosexual hebephilia
  3. heterosexual pedophilia
  4. homosexual Hebephilia
  5. homosexual pedophilia

Before the Second World War, the term was used by some in Europe to denote a "sexual perversion ", the female counterpart to "genuine male fetishism ", which occurs under the form of "fabric fetishism ". For example, Clérambault , Langlois and Kurt Beas used the term .

definition

In individual cases, the preference for a particular boy or girl depends on their very individual physical and mental development. The preference is also sometimes broader and sometimes very specific. With terms in statistics, you usually have to agree on an age based on the data.

During puberty , the body begins to change imperceptibly, and on average from 11/12 years of age, the visible changes such as development of pubic hair, development of the breasts, testicular and penis growth become apparent in Europe and the USA. Behavior and interests also begin to change. For many pedophiles, the perceived attraction wanes, existing pedophile relationships end or change significantly to a more distant relationship. The actual definition of pedophilia, which is primarily aimed at prepubertal, very child-like boys and girls, no longer fits.

Hebephilia begins, in contrast to pedophilia, when the pubertal changes begin. Thus, the lower age for Hebephilia in Europe and North America is 11 or 12 years. The central age for girls is 12 to 13 years. Since puberty usually begins a little later in boys, the age of attraction (AoA) should generally be set somewhat higher. The upper limit can be set at 14 or 15 years, especially for boys at 16 years. Since the purpose of the ripening process is biological fertility, puberty literally ends with it. According to a recent Swiss study, this occurs on average between 11.9 and 13.5 years. Subsequent changes in the youthful appearance are therefore independent of the ability to reproduce and thus also of its maturation process. Different uses occur. In mixed pedo-Hebephilia, the preferred age period is between childhood up to and including 12 years, sometimes 14, possibly 15 years.

An alternative definition is made using the Tanner classification . The Hebephilia describes a preference for children and adolescents who are in their development in Tanner stages II and III. In Germany pubescent pubescent hair corresponding to these stages on average between 10.8 and 12.2 years (girls) and between 10.9 and 13.3 years (boys).

In the “boy lover” scene, this age range is included in the term “teen boy lover” and roughly its central age range. At the close Hebephilia Ephebophilia respectively. Parthenophilia .

research

distribution

As for all other chronophilias, there are no reliable data as to how often hebephilic tendencies are to be found in the population. It is generally assumed that there are significantly more lifting than pedophiles, evidence of this can be found in forensic samples from North America. Even non-clinical studies or anonymous surveys of men with a sexual preference for minors regularly come to the result that a sexual interest in pubescent children is reported far more often than in prepubescent children.

Information on Hebephile women is rarely found in the literature, so it is believed that there are significantly fewer female Hebephiles than male Hebephiles. This assumption is supported by a Czech study from 2020, in which 5,000 male and female persons were asked about different sexual preferences: whereas 25.9 percent of men said they had at least moderate responsiveness and 3.1 percent had a preference for adolescents reported, the values ​​for a Hebephile interest (3.4 percent) or a Hebephile preference (0.1 percent) were significantly lower in women.

Many other surveys only determined a basic responsiveness to pubescent people and therefore only allow very limited conclusions to be drawn about the prevalence of hebephilic preferences. Due to different questions, among other things, the results here range from 0.9 (Canada in 2014) or three percent (Finland in 2013) to 62 percent (Canada in 1980). In the German-speaking area, a study of 466 male Berliners between 40 and 79 years of age showed that around 33.5 percent of men had sexually arousing fantasies with regard to pubescent girls and around 7.5 percent for pubescent boys within the last twelve months. According to researchers at Swansea University , there is evidence that legal and social norms may influence how young girls are judged to be attractive in such studies.

Neurobiological Investigations

Similar to all other sexual preferences, it is not yet known what causes hebephilic tendencies. Scientists from the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada, compared pedophile, hebephile and teleiophile sex offenders in several studies . They came to the conclusion that compared to men with a sexual preference for adults, pedophiles and hebephiles have, on average, a lower intelligence quotient, are significantly smaller and more often left-handed, have more frequent head injuries before the age of 13 and have dropped out of school more often. The values ​​of the Hebephiles were usually pretty much in the middle between those of the pedophiles and teleiophiles.

In connection with these data, the researchers suspected that neurobiological peculiarities existed before or shortly after birth that could cause hebephilia or at least increase the likelihood of developing a hebephilic tendency. This thesis is supported by several MRT examinations that the North Americans carried out on pedophiles, lifting and teleiophiles in recent years. In 2007 they carried out a study on 127 men, which showed that the pedophile and hebephile men in the sample had a lower proportion of white matter than the teleiophiles examined.

Therapeutic aspects

A group of 153 hebephilitic men not known to the judiciary was examined in a study by the network Kein Täter werden . It was found that only a relatively small proportion of the Hebephiles showed an exclusive response to the pubertal body scheme. According to the Berlin classification , a distinction is made between various mixed forms of chronophilic interests if, in addition to sexual preference, there is a response to other body schemata. 9.2 percent of the patients were classified as pedo-hebephil, 30.1 percent as pedo-hebe-teleiophil, 15.7 percent as exclusively hebephil and 45.1 percent as hebe-teleiophil. Overall, according to the data of the study, almost 39 percent of the Hebephilians also show a response to the prepubertal body scheme and almost 75 percent also to the adult body scheme.

Surveys revealed that the men diagnosed as hebephil suffered a level of suffering that was similar to that of pedophiles. It was also found that the vast majority of the treated patients had already committed sexual abuse or consumed child pornography .

classification

While the majority of sexologists regard pedophilia as paraphilia and ephebo and parthenophilia as non-pathological sexual preferences, there is disagreement about the classification of Hebephilia. It is not classified as a disorder in either the DSM-5 or the ICD-10 , but in the latter the diagnosis of pedophilia also includes a preference for children in the early stages of puberty . Sexologists who classify Hebephilia as paraphilia can diagnose “other disorder of sexual preference”. There are discussions about inclusion in the ICD-11 .

Classification in DSM-5

In 2008, the Canadian sexologist Ray Blanchard, together with James Cantor and other colleagues, published a paper in which the inclusion of Hebephilia in the DSM was proposed. The North Americans conducted a phallometric study of around 900 male sex offenders to examine the arousal patterns of different groups. It was found that men with a preference for prepubescent children (pedophiles), adolescents between the ages of eleven and fourteen years (Hebephiles) and adults ( teleiophiles ) could be clearly distinguished from one another. The authors took this result as an opportunity to suggest a revision of the DSM criteria: Either Hebephilia should be included as an independent diagnosis or the name of the entry for pedophilia should be changed to pedophilia. With this model, a specification according to pedo-, lifting- or pedo-lifting subtypes would be possible. In the future, paraphilia would exist if the patient were more aroused by children and adolescents under 15 years of age than by adults. A diagnosis of hebephilic or pedophilic disorder could be made if the person concerned is at least 18 years old (previously: 16 years) and is more than five years old from puberty.

The proposal was justified by the fact that the current definition of pedophilia excludes a not inconsiderable number of men who showed a preference for an immature body scheme. Since the number of men with a tendency to puberty may exceed the number of pedophiles, however, hebephilia is a phenomenon of great clinical relevance. This is particularly true in light of the fact that victims of sexual abuse in the United States are on average 14 years old and sex offenders often do not differentiate between pre-pubescent and peripheral ones. In addition, the revision would align with the ICD-10, which, in Blanchard's view, already includes Hebephilia with reference to a preference for children in the early stages of puberty . The German sexologist Klaus Michael Beier described Hebephilia in an article published in 2005 as a "sex-biological expected reaction", but now supports Blanchard's suggestion. Classification as a disorder is justified because hebephilic tendencies are often associated with considerable distress and danger to others.

criticism

The proposal was discussed controversially during the development phase of the DSM-5 and was ultimately not accepted. While it has hardly been denied that there are men with a sexual preference for adolescents, and the usefulness of differentiating between pedophilia, ephebo and teleiophilia for research purposes has also been affirmed, the attempt to classify Hebephilia as a mental disorder met with vehemence Criticism. Blanchard and his colleagues have not demonstrated convincingly why such a tendency should be classified as paraphilic. It has often been speculated that admission to the DSM should mainly be done in order to pathologize behavior that contradicts current cultural, moral and, above all, legal norms. The forensic psychologist Karen Franklin noted in this context that the term was used relatively rarely until the 2000s, because sex researchers of earlier generations did not consider such a tendency to be pathological and for this reason limited their investigation to pedophiles.

Several authors denied the classification as a sexual disorder and emphasized in particular the differences that show a sexual preference for pubescent compared to a tendency towards prepubescent children: Sexual interest in pubescent adolescents is very widespread among men, so that a hebephile preference is not considered deviant and can therefore be described as paraphilic. The different attitudes of many earlier or non-Western cultures, in which sexual relationships with sexually mature young people were accepted or are in some cases still approved today, were discussed. The Graecist Simon Goldhill, for example, criticized the fact that a society like that of ancient Greece would be devalued as pathological due to its positive attitude towards Hebephilistic behavior. Some critics also believe that the assumption that such sexual contacts are fundamentally harmful has not been proven. Reference was made to the age of consent , which up until the 19th or 20th century was under 15 years around the world and also currently allows sexual acts with 14-year-olds in not a few countries. According to the English sexologist Richard Green , it is therefore inappropriate to describe a 19-year-old who has a consensual sexual relationship with his 14-year-old girlfriend as mentally disturbed.

Evolutionary Aspects

Particularly controversial was the argument, occasionally cited by opponents of the Hebephilia diagnosis, that Hebephilic tendencies might be advantageous from an evolutionary point of view. Ray Blanchard denied such advantages and published several papers on the subject: First, he examined a group of pedophile, lifting and teleiophile sex offenders and found that the latter had fathered significantly more children than Hebephile. Furthermore, after an analysis of anthropological publications carried out together with Raymond Hames, he came to the conclusion that sex with pubescent girls was only widespread in a few societies. They also cited a study according to which the number of children of girls from the Pumé people who had their first child before the age of 14 was lower than the number of children of girls who were older when they were first born. These data speak against the benefit of hebephilic tendencies and prove that a hebephilic preference has considerable disadvantages for reproductive success. Blanchard also noted that he rejects a classification based on evolutionary considerations because it implies a resumption of homosexuality as a disorder. In any case, it is questionable how his critics wanted to justify on this basis that homosexual pedophilia, but not homosexual Hebephilia, must be regarded as pathological.

The psychologist Bruce Rind and the sociologist Richard Yuill criticized the conclusions of Hames and Blanchard. Their analysis is based on a large number of serious misinterpretations of the cited publications, which ultimately support the arguments of the critics. For example, the sources had explicitly stated that in the societies studied, a large proportion of girls had sexual intercourse shortly after their menarche , or they pointed out that early pregnancies could be useful under certain conditions. The differences found by Blanchard in the number of children of hebephilic and teleiophilic men are remarkably small in view of the current rejection of hebephilic behavior in Canada with 1.30 to 1.39 children. This leads to the conclusion that in societies that are more open-minded towards Hebephiles, men with a preference for adolescents are possibly the group with the greatest reproductive success. After an evaluation of evolutionary studies, Rind and Yuill themselves suggested considering male age preferences under the influence of interests in a high reproductive value (highest immediately before menarche) and high present fertility (highest in early adulthood ). It is to be expected that some men will show a preference for pubescent girls with a high reproductive value. If it is not exclusively pronounced, even a relatively strong Hebephile preference does not represent an evolutionary dysfunction.

Different usage

In the diagnosis code DSM-IV , a maximum upper age limit is defined in 302.2 Pedophilia with “generally 13 years or younger”. Since Hebephilia is differentiated from pedophilia, some North American authors assume this age and set the minimum age at 14 years. The upper age is then 16, 17 or 18 years. Also, not everything that is punishable by the age of consent or that is under the age of 18 is included in the term pedophilia. Colloquially as well as moralizing, this is often overlooked and the term pedophilia is also used for it. In the USA, the age of consent is usually 16 years, sometimes over up to 18 years. For example, the term Hebephilia is offered by some for all of these crimes which, in the broadest use, cannot be covered by the term pedophilia. In psychology, on the other hand, it is primarily not about fixed age of consent.

The term ephebophilia is often used from a lower age limit of around 14 or 16 years. With the definition from the previous paragraph, Hebephilia and Ephebophilia are seen as synonyms.

By Magnus Hirschfeld , the term was Ephebophilia defined for the attraction to boys from the beginning to the end of maturity (then assumed age about 14 to 21 years, with 21 years was also the age of majority) and Parthenophilie for the attraction to girls at puberty in roughly the same age range. Ephebophilia is often used for boys and girls too, sometimes only for boys, parthenophilia is rarely used and little known. Thus, ephebophilia is used for attraction to pubertal / adolescent boys and Hebephilia for attraction to pubertal / adolescent girls.

As a result of this gender segregation, Hebephilia is used in extreme cases for prepubescent girls and is viewed as a special form of pedophilia, just as pederasty is sometimes viewed as a special male form of pedophilia.

See also

literature

  • Ray Blanchard, Amy D. Lykins, Diane Wherrett, Michael E. Kuban, James M. Cantor, Thomas Blak, Robert Dickey and Philip E. Klassen: Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V in: Archives of Sexual Behavior , ISSN  0004 -0002 (Print) 1573-2800 (Online), Volume 38, Number 3 / June 2009, pages 335-350 & reactions of various authors on pages 317-334
  • Patrick Singy: Hebephilia: A Postmortem Dissection. In: Archives of sexual behavior. Volume 44, Number 5, July 2015, pages 1109-1116

Web links

Wiktionary: Hebephilia  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b James M. Cantor, Ian V. McPhail: Sensitivity and Specificity of the Phallometric Test for Hebephilia. In: The Journal of Sexual Medicine. Sept. 2015, pp. 1940–1950, doi: 10.1111 / jsm.12970 .
  2. ↑ R. Prentky, H. Barbaree: Commentary: hebephilia-a would-be paraphilia caught in the twilight zone between prepubescence and adulthood. In: The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Volume 39, Number 4, 2011, pp. 506-510, PMID 22159978 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Patrick Singy: Hebephilia: A Postmortem Dissection. In: Archives of sexual behavior. Volume 44, Number 5, July 2015, pages 1109-1116
  4. ↑ a b c Cynthia Calkins Mercado: Is that 'normal' behavior? ( English ) In: Monitor on Psychology, Vol 43, No. 11 . American Psychological Association . 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  5. ^ A b Michael C. Seto: Child Pornography Use and Internet Solicitation in the Diagnosis of Pedophilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39, 2010, p. 593, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-010-9603-6 .
  6. ↑ a b c Peer Briken, Michael Berner: Practice Book Sexual Disorders: Sexual Health, Sexual Medicine, Psychotherapy of Sexual Disorders . Thieme, 11 December 2013, ISBN 978-3-13-171261-5 , p. 241.
  7. ^ A b c K. Franklin: Hebephilia: quintessence of diagnostic pretextuality. In: Behavioral sciences & the law. Volume 28, number 6, 2010 Nov-Dec, pp. 751-768, doi : 10.1002 / bsl.934 .
  8. ↑ a b K. Beier, T. Amelung, L. Kuhle, D. Grundmann, G. Scherner, J. Neutze: Hebephilia as a Sexual Disorder. In: Advances in Neurology - Psychiatry. 83, 2015, p. E1, doi : 10.1055 / s-0034-1398960 .
  9. ↑ Bernard C. Glueck, Jr .: Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York 1955 or 1956; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 1956
  10. ↑ a b Zentralblatt fur die complete Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 1965, p. 179;
    "Beyond the age of 12"
  11. ^ Proceedings of the annual meeting / American Psychopathological Association. 1955, p. 159
  12. ^ New York (State). Dept. of Mental Hygiene, SpringerLink (Online service): Psychiatric Quarterly No. 31, Human Sciences Press, 1957, p. 326
  13. ^ HLP Resnik, Marvin E. Wolfgang: Sexual Behaviors: Social, Clinical, and Legal Aspects. Little, Brown, 1972, p. 173
  14. ↑ Alleburg, Bloch (Ed.): Journal for Sexual Science. No. 1-2, A. Marcus & E. Webers Verlag, Bonn 1914-1916, pp. 470, 481
  15. ↑ Kurt Beas: On Hebephilia, an alleged form of female fetishism. In: Archives for Criminal Anthropology. Volume 61, 1914, pp. 1-38
  16. ↑ Johan Mohr, RE Turner, MB Jerry mentioned in: Ronald B. Flowers: The Victimization and Exploitation of Women and Children: A Study of Physical, Mental and Sexual Maltreatment in the United States. McFarland, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-978-9 , p. 74;
    "Five types of pedophilia: heterosexual hebephilia [...] pubescent [...] heterosexual pedophilia [...] female partner shows no pubertal changes [...] homosexual hebephilia [...] homosexual pedophilia [...] undifferentiated pedophilia"
  17. ^ A b Walter Cade Reckless: The Crime Problem. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967, pp. 236, 237;
    "(Heterosexual and homosexual) pubescent (which show definitive features of the secondary sexual characteristics, e.g. development of the breasts, pubic hair), or adolescent up to the age of 16"
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g R. Blanchard, AD Lykins, D. Wherrett, ME Kuban, JM Cantor, T. Blak, R. Dickey, PE classes: Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archive of Sexual Behavior, August 7, 2008;
    "Gross, ages 11 or 12 to 14, (pedophilia under 11)"
  19. ↑ a b Bradford et al. (1992) quoted in: Harold V. Hall: Lethal Violence: A Sourcebook on Fatal Domestic, Acquaintance, and Stranger Violence. CRC Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8493-7003-5 , p. 342;
    "12 to 16 years (heterosexual and homosexual, in addition to prepubertal pedophilia)"
  20. ^ A b c d Adrian Powell: Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention. Radcliffe Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1-85775-774-2 , p. 5;
    "Adolescents (under 18) [...] heterosexual hebephilia [...] sexual and erotic preference for pubescent young people of the opposite sex, usually ages 11 to 14 for girls and 15 or 16 for boys [...] homosexual hebephilia [...] sexual and erotic preference for pubescent young people of the same sex (same age) "
  21. ↑ a b c d e f Kurt Freund, Ray Blanchard: Is the Distant Relationship of Fathers and Homosexual Sons Related to the Sons Erotic Preference for Male Partners, or the Sons Atypical Gender Identity, or to Both? In: Michael W. Ross: Homosexuality and Social Sex Roles. Haworth Press, 1983, ISBN 0-86656-235-4 , pp. 7ff, p. 10
    “Heterosexual pedophilia is an erotic preference for female children under 11, and homosexual pedophilia is such a preference for male children. 'Real' Hebephilia is an erotic preference for adolescents; Since the onset of puberty comes a little later for men than for women, the most preferred age for homosexual Hebephilia is a little higher. Thus, in heterosexual Hebephilia, the preference is for 12 to 13 year old girls, but can expand down to the age of 11 and up to the age of 14 or 15. In homosexual Hebephilia, the preferred age is anywhere between 11 and 16 years , with the median age range being slightly higher than that of heterosexual Hebephilia. In Pedohebephilia, the most preferred age period is in the range of childhood, but extends up to and including the age of 12, and sometimes 14, possibly 15 years. "
  22. ^ Message in the "Deutsches Ärzteblatt" from April 24, 2009
  23. ↑ Klaus M. Beier, Kurt Loewit: Practical Guide to Sexual Medicine: From Theory to Therapy . Springer-Verlag, January 1, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-17162-8 , p. 152.
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g K. M. Beier, T. Amelung u. a .: Hebephilia as a sexual disorder ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (PDF; 314 kB) In: Advances in neurological psychiatry. Volume 81, Number 3, March 2013, pp. 128-137, doi : 10.1055 / s-0032-1330539 .  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kein-taeter-haben.de
  25. ↑ H. Kahl, A. Schaffrath Rosario, M. Schlaud: [Sexual maturation of children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. In: Federal Health Gazette, Health Research, Health Protection. Volume 50, Number 5-6, 2007 May-Jun, pp. 677-685, doi : 10.1007 / s00103-007-0229-3 .
  26. ↑ What is actually ...? - A tour through the terms " Knabenliebe . Jungsforum.net/rundgang.php, Version: February 20, 2007, accessed: June 24, 2008
  27. ^ Robert L. Snow: Sex Crimes Investigation: Catching and Prosecuting the Perpetrators. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-275-98934-8 , p. 106;
    "Pediphilia [...] 13 years or younger [...] Hebephilia [...] 13 to 16, while ephebophilia [...] to teenagers"
  28. ↑ Ray Blanchard, Michael E. Kuban and a .: Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41, 2012, p. 13, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-010-9675-3
  29. ^ A b Ray Blanchard: The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Pedophilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39, 2010, p. 304, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-009-9536-0 .
  30. ↑ a b c d e f B. Rind, R. Yuill: Hebephilia as Mental Disorder? A Historical, Cross-Cultural, Sociological, Cross-Species, Non-Clinical Empirical, and Evolutionary Review. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41, 2012, pp. 797-829, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-012-9982-y .
  31. ↑ Ray Blanchard: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment: A Guest Blog by DSM-5 Paraphilias Subworkgroup Chair Dr. Ray Blanchard on Proposed Criteria for Pedophilic Disorder. In: sajrt.blogspot.de. January 24, 2012, accessed November 1, 2015 .
  32. ^ Stanley E. Greben: A Method of Psychiatry . Lea & Febiger, 1985, ISBN 978-0-812-10976-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  33. ↑ Klára Bártová, Renáta Androvičová, Lucie Krejčová, Petr Weiss & Kateřina Klapilová (2020) The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests in the Czech Population: Preference, Arousal, the Use of Pornography, Fantasy, and Behavior, The Journal of Sex Research, doi : 10.1080 / 00224499.2019.1707468 .
  34. ↑ SJ Dawson, BA Bannerman, ML Lalumiere: Paraphilic Interests: An Examination of Sex Differences in a Nonclinical Sample. In: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. , doi : 10.1177 / 1079063214525645 .
  35. ↑ Katarina Alanko, Benny Salo, Andreas Mokros, Pekka Santtila: Evidence for Heritability of Adult Men's Sexual Interest in Youth under Age 16 from a Population-Based Extended Twin Design. In: The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10, 2013, p. 1090, doi : 10.1111 / jsm.12067 .
  36. ↑ Claude Crépault, Marcel Couture: Men's erotic fantasies. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 9, 1980, p. 565, doi : 10.1007 / BF01542159 .
  37. ↑ Christoph J. Ahlers: Paraphilia and personality . Dissertation, Medical Faculty, Charité University Hospital Berlin
  38. ^ Paul Bennett, Rob Lowe, Hristina Petrova: Heterosexual Men's Ratings of Sexual Attractiveness of Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi : 10.1007 / s10508-015-0504-6 .
  39. ↑ a b R. Blanchard, NJ Kolla u. a .: IQ, Handedness, and Pedophilia in Adult Male Patients Stratified by Referral Source. In: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 19, 2007, p. 285, doi : 10.1177 / 107906320701900307 .
  40. ↑ JM Cantor, ME Kuban, T. Blak, PE Klassen, R. Dickey, R. Blanchard: Physical Height in Pedophilic and Hebephilic Sexual Offenders. In: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 19, 2007, p. 395, doi : 10.1177 / 107906320701900405 .
  41. ↑ James M. Cantor, Philip E. Klassen u. a .: Handedness in Pedophilia and Hebephilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34, 2005, p. 447, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-005-4344-7 .
  42. ↑ Ray Blanchard, Michael E. Kuban and a .: Self-Reported Head Injuries Before and After Age 13 in Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Men Referred for Clinical Assessment In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32, p. 573, doi : 10.1023 / A: 1026093612434 .
  43. ↑ a b A. Frances, MB First: Hebephilia is not a mental disorder in DSM-IV-TR and should not become one in DSM-5. In: The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Volume 39, number 1, 2011, pp. 78-85
  44. ↑ a b James M. Cantor, Ray Blanchard: White Matter Volumes in Pedophiles, Hebephiles, and Teleiophiles. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41, 2012, p. 749, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-012-9954-2 .
  45. ↑ James M. Cantor, Sophie Lafaille, Debra W. Soh, Massieh Moayedi, David J. Mikulis, Todd A. Girard: Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Pedophilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi : 10.1007 / s10508-015-0629-7 .
  46. ^ A b c Raymond Hames, Ray Blanchard: Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41, 2012, p. 745, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-012-9972-0 .
  47. ↑ Christoph J. Ahlers, Gerard A. Schaefer, Klaus Michael Beier: The spectrum of sexual disorders and their classifiability in DSM-IV and ICD-10. In: Sexuologie , Vol. 12 (2005), pp. 120-152, ISSN  0944-7105 .
  48. ↑ Nahlah Saimeh: Treat with safety. MWV, 2015, ISBN 978-3-954-66150-3 , p. 106 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  49. ↑ Philip Tromovitch: Manufacturing Mental Disorder by pathologizing Erotic Age Orientation: A Comment on Blanchard et al. (2008). In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38, 2009, p. 328, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-008-9426-x .
  50. ^ A b Richard Green: Sexual Preference for 14-Year-Olds as a Mental Disorder: You Can't Be Serious !!. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39, 2010, p. 585, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-010-9602-7 .
  51. ↑ a b Jerome C. Wakefield: The DSM-5's Proposed New Categories of Sexual Disorder: The Problem of False Positives in Sexual Diagnosis. In: Clinical Social Work Journal. 40, 2012, pp. 213-223, doi : 10.1007 / s10615-011-0353-2 .
  52. ↑ a b Richard Kramer: APA Guidelines Ignored in Development of Diagnostic Criteria for Pedohebephilia. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 40, 2011, p. 233, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-010-9683-3 .
  53. ^ Paul Good, Jules Burstein: Hebephilia and the Construction of a Fictitious Diagnosis. In: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 200, 2012, pp. 492-494, doi : 10.1097 / NMD.0b013e318257c4f1 .
  54. ↑ a b Richard Green: Hebephilia is a Mental Disorder? ( English ) In: Sexual Offender Treatment, Volume 5 (2010) . International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders. 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  55. ^ Simon Goldhill: The Imperialism of Historical Arrogance: Where Is the Past in the DSM's Idea of ​​Sexuality ?. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. , doi : 10.1007 / s10508-015-0556-7 .
  56. ↑ Bruce Rind, Max Welter: Enjoyment and Emotionally Negative Reactions in Minor-Adult Versus Minor-Peer and Adult-Adult First Postpubescent Coitus: A Secondary Analysis of the Kinsey Data. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43, 2014, p. 285, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-013-0186-x .
  57. ↑ Jesse Bering: Perv. Random House, 2014, ISBN 978-1-446-48707-5 , p. 256 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  58. ^ A b Ray Blanchard: The Fertility of Hebephiles and the Adaptationist Argument Against Including Hebephilia in DSM-5. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39, 2010, p. 817, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-010-9610-7 .
  59. ↑ a b c Bruce Rind: Critique of Hames and Blanchard (2012), Clancy (2012), and Ryniker (2012) on Hebephilia, Anthropological Data, and Maladaptiveness. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42, 2013, p. 685, doi : 10.1007 / s10508-013-0132-y .
  60. ↑ DSM-IV-TR: Pedophilia ( Memento of the original from September 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at behavenet.com, accessed November 22, 2008  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.behavenet.com
  61. ^ A b Lisa Rene Reynolds, John P. Rutledge: Coming Out & Covering Up: Catholic Priests Talk about Sex Scandals in the Church , Dead End Street, 2004, ISBN 0-9748410-3-X , p. 2;
    "Pedophilia (an adult act or fantasy about sexual activity with a child) Hebephilia (a condition when an adult, mostly male, is sexually attracted to post-pubescent adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17), phebophilia ( phebophilia ) ( a state in which an adult, mostly male, is sexually attracted to young people, around the age of puberty) "
  62. ^ A b Benjamin Schlesinger: Sexual Behavior in Canada: Patterns and Problems , University of Toronto Press, 1977, ISBN 0-8020-2262-6 , p. 203;
    "Girls between 14 and 16"
  63. ^ A b Paul H. Gebhard: Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types , Harper & Row, 1965, p. 756;
    "14 to 17 years"
  64. ^ A b c Robert E. Hales, Stuart C. Yudofsky, Alan F. Schatzberg, Glen O. Gabbard (Eds.): The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry , American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1-58562-257-5 , P. 738;
    [Pedophilia: prepubescent, 13 years or younger; misused by many for attraction or relationships with post-pubescent adolescents under the age of 18. But this is called Hebephilia.]
  65. ↑ Ray Wyre: Pedophile characteristics and patterns of behavior: Developing and using a typology , in: Catherine Itzin: Home Truths about Child Sexual Abuse: A Reader , Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-415-15262-3 , p. 49;
    [Pedophilia is too prepubertal; Attraction to post-pubescent children below the age of consent, then the term Hebephilia is used]
  66. ^ Robert Jean Campbell: Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary: Robert Jean Campbell , Oxford University Press US, 2004, 0-19-515221-2;
    "Hebephilia, see Ephebophilia", "adolescent adolescents"
  67. ↑ John Money: Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. Oxford University Press US, 1990, ISBN 0-19-506331-7 , p. 197
  68. ↑ Pamela D. Schultz: Not Monsters: Analyzing the Stories of Child Molesters. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, ISBN 0-7425-3058-2 , p. 16;
    "Ephebophilia [...] post-pubescent and adolescent [...] Synonym: Hebephilia"
  69. ^ Louise Monteleone: The Disorders of Hannibal Lecter and Buffalo Bill. Capella University, September 10, 2005, in: Published Works of an Early Doctor-Second Edition. Lulu.com, ISBN 0-557-01184-1 , p. 6;
    "[Hebephilia], also known as ephebophilia [...] adolescents"
  70. ↑ Robert H. Rencken: Intervention Strategies for Sexual Abuse , American Association for Counseling and Development, 1989, p 10;
    "Hebephilia (adolescent girls) [...] Ephebophilia (adolescent boys)"
  71. ↑ Robert H. Rencken: letter and Extended Interventions in Sexual Abuse , American Counseling Association, 2000, ISBN 1-55620-178-8 , p 14;
    "Hebephilia (attraction to adolescent girls), ephebophilia (attraction to pubescent boys)"
  72. ↑ John Alexander Loraine: Understanding Homosexuality, Its Biological and Psychological Bases , American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1974;
    "Pedophilia is the erotic preference for children, ephebophilia that for males and Hebephilia that for female adolescents."
  73. ↑ Excerpta Medica Foundation: Excerpta Medica , Excerpta Medica Foundation., 1975, p. 267;
    "Pubescent girls"
  74. ^ Robert L. Dingman, John D. Weaver: Days in the Lives of Counselors , Allyn and Bacon, 2003, ISBN 0-205-35192-1 , p. 45;
    "Pubescent girls"
  75. ↑ Ron Langevin, Daniel Paitich, Anne E. Russon (Toronto): Are Rapist Sexually Anomalous, Aggressive, or Both? , in: Ron Langevin (Ed.): Erotic Preference, Gender Identity, and Aggression in Men: New Research Studies , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985, ISBN 0-89859-445-6 , p. 34;
    "13 to 15 year old women [...] emotionally immature [...], physically fully developed, or at least developing"
  76. ^ Hans Jurgen Eysenck, Gisli H. Gudjonsson: The Causes and Cures of Criminality , Springer, 1989, ISBN 0-306-42968-3 , p. 229;
    "[Pedophilia: 12 years or younger], Hebephilia and Ephebilie [...] male and female respectively, between the ages of 13 and 15 (e.g. pubescent or in the process of physical maturity)"
  77. ^ Katherine M. Ramsland: Inside the Minds of Serial Killers: Why They Kill , Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-275-99099-0 , p. 86;
    "Prepubescent girls [a special form of pedophilia]"