Heterometrus flavimanus
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Heterometrus flavimanus |
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Heterometrus flavimanus is an Indian scorpion in the Scorpionidae family .
description
Heterometrus flavimanus is a 110 to 150 millimeter long scorpion with a reddish-brown basic color. The chelae of the pedipalps , the legs and the telson are reddish-brown to yellow in color and in adult animals are always lighter than the body. The chelae are strongly lobed, with a length to width ratio of 1.7 to 1 in both sexes. They are covered on the top with a multitude of granules that do not form keels. The carapace has a smooth and shiny surface in the middle, on all edges it is covered with granules. There are individuals whose carapace has a small number of granules on the surface. The fifth segment of the metasoma is longer, the fourth segment about the same length as the femora of the pedipalps. The combs of the comb organ have 19 to 22 teeth. The telson is spherical, with a poisonous bladder that is longer than the poison sting . In Heterometrus flavimanus , no sexual dimorphism can be seen in the shape and proportions of the limbs of his pedipalps.
Heterometrus flavimanus is very similar to Heterometrus swammerdami . The morphological features of both species clearly overlap, so that the identification keys do not allow a reliable identification for many individuals.
distribution and habitat
As Terra typica of Heterometrus flavimanus , Coonoor was used in the first description ; Coimbatore stated. After several changes to the administrative boundaries, Coonoor is now in the Nilgiris district , in the far northwest of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu ( 11 ° 21 ′ 0 ″ N , 76 ° 48 ′ 0 ″ E ). The city is located in the Western Ghats belonging Nilgiri Mountains , which extend over the border of the state as far as Kerala extend. Find reports can hardly be found in the literature. A report came from the Coromandel Coast . Since the first description, Tamil Nadu has always been given as the distribution area of the species .
As recently as 2017, three finds from the state of Kerala became known, one from the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in the Idukki district and two from the Palakkad district . All sites are near the border to Tamil Nadu and the type site. The numerous faunistic investigations in the area of the Western Ghats have not revealed any findings of the species in the past. It is therefore assumed that their area of distribution is restricted to the locality of the type and its immediate surroundings.
Way of life
No information has been published about the way of life of Heterometrus flavimanus and the type of habitats it inhabits . A single young was found under tree bark in an evergreen dry forest on the Coromandel Coast.
Systematics
Initial description
It was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1900 as a subspecies of Heterometrus swammerdami . To distinguish it from the nominate form, Pocock only gave the yellow color of the legs and the red or yellow chelae of the pedipalps.
Type material
Pocock based his first description on a female and a male specimen from the locality. The type specimens were only named by Couzijn in 1981 as a female “hololectotype” and a male “allolectotype”. These terms do not comply with the rules of zoological nomenclature . Later authors call the female specimen a lectotype and the male paralectotype. The type material is in the collection of the Natural History Museum in London .
The holotype of Heterometrus barberi , also kept in the Natural History Museum, is incorrectly listed there in the documents as " Heterometrus flavimanus Pocock , 1900 ".
etymology
The author of the first description made no information about the meaning of the species name. It is a combination of the Latin words flavus for yellow and manus for hand , referring to the yellow chelae of the Pedipalps.
Synonyms (chronological)
- Palamnaeus swammerdami flavimanus Pocock , 1900 : the name was given by Pocock in his first description, but the genus Palamnaeus had already been declared a synonym for Heterometrus by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879 .
- Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) swammerdami flavimanus Couzijn , 1981 : HWC Couzijn described the subgenus Gigantometrus in 1981 , in which he also placed Heterometrus swammerdami flavimanus .
- Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) flavimanus Tikader & Bastawade , 1983 : The Indian arachnologists BK Tikader and DB Bastawade awarded Heterometrus flavimanus in their 1983 monograph on the scorpions of India. They kept the sub-genera described by Couzijn. The subgenus Gigantometrus and all other subgenera of Heterometrus described by Couzijn were repealed in 2004 by František Kovařík in his revision of the genus Heterometrus .
literature
- František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828, with descriptions of seven new species (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae). In: Euscorpius , 2004, No. 15, pp. 1-60, online PDF , 6.3 MB.
- Reginald Innes Pocock: Arachnida. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London 1900, digitized .
- BK Tikader and DB Bastawade: Scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida). The Fauna of India, Vol. 3. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta 1983, pp. 568-573, Online PDF , 30 MB.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, p. 13.
- ^ František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, p. 49.
- ↑ Sivasingham Arthiyan et al .: Morphological identification and molecular level confirmation of Heterometrus swammerdami (Scorpiones; Scorpionidae) Simon, 1872 in Jaffna Peninsula. In: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2015, Volume 5, No. 12, pp. 265–269, Online PDF , 400 kB.
- ^ A b K. Anil and N. Parthasarathy: Bark Traits of Woody Species and Bark Resource Use by Faunal Community in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of India. In: International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 2016, Volume 3, No. 2, pp. 77-90, Online PDF , 900 kB.
- ↑ a b c Reginald Innes Pocock: Arachnida. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. , P. 87.
- ↑ a b c H. WC Couzijn: Revision of the genus Heterometrus. In: Zoologische Verhandelingen 1981, Volume 184, No. 1, pp. 1–196 (also dissertation, University of Leiden 1981), here pp. 164–165, online PDF , 18.6 MB.
- ↑ K. Aswathi and PM Sureshan: Additions to the scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Kerala, India, with an illustrated key to the genera. In: Journal of Threatened Taxa 2017, Volume 9, No. 2, pp. 9844-9850, here p. 9845, doi : 10.11609 / jott.2039.9.2.9844-9850 .
- ↑ Victor Fet: Family Scorpionidae. In: Victor Fet et al .: Catalog of the scorpions of the world (1758-1998). The New York Entomological Society, New York 2000, pp. 427-486, here p. 443, online PDF , 31 MB.
- ↑ a b František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, p. 4.
- ^ Reginald Innes Pocock: Arachnida. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. , P. 96.
- ↑ Gérard Dupré: Dictionary of scientific scorpion names. In: Arachnides. Bulletin de Terrariophile et de Recherche 2016, Supplement to No. 78, p. 23, Online PDF , 560 kB.
- ^ Ferdinand Karsch: Scorpionological contributions. I. In: Mitteilungen des Münchener Entomologische Verein 1879, Volume 3, No. 1, pp. 6–22, here p. 20, digitized .
- ↑ BK Tikader and DB Bastawade: Scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida), S. 573rd