High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA , 3.5G , 3G + or UMTS Broadband ) is a data transmission method of the UMTS mobile radio standard that was defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project . The process enables data transmission rates similar to DSL in the cellular network.
HSDPA is offered in Germany by network operators Vodafone , Telekom and O 2 and in Switzerland by Swisscom , Sunrise Communications and Salt Mobile . In Austria, the network operators A1 , Magenta Telekom and Drei operate HSDPA networks.
technology
The maximum data rate is limited by the so-called category of the recipient. 3.6 Mbit / s ( Category 6 ) and 7.2 Mbit / s ( Category 8 ) are typical . A maximum of 13.98 Mbit / s is possible for category 10 , but this is hardly achievable in practice because it would require a code rate R of almost 1 . Essential features of HSDPA are fast and flexible data load distribution as well as adaptation to the channel quality by means of "adaptive modulation and coding " (AMC).
The user data are transmitted at intervals ( Transmission Time Interval , TTI) of three UMTS time slots on the so-called HS-DSCH ( High Speed Downlink Shared Channel ). A TTI is 2 ms long. Up to 15 channels can be assigned at the same time.
In return, a terminal sends information about the channel quality ( Channel Quality Indicator, CQI) every 2 ms . On the basis of the received CQI values from various end devices and taking into account other data (buffer level, priorities, etc.), the UMTS base station (the Node B ) decides which end devices are to be served in parallel with how many channels. Furthermore, the CQI information is used to select the channel coding, the modulation method and the Node-B output power.
HSDPA modems are offered as USB sticks and data cards that support the HSDPA standard with 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit / s. The latest products also support HSUPA for faster uploads with currently up to 5.76 Mbit / s. HSDPA is built into many current cell phones. These can be used as HSDPA modems.
In contrast to other UMTS data transmission methods, there is no soft handover with HSDPA . Each end device receives the HSDPA channels from only one base station at any one time. A change of cells is carried out using the HSDPA serving cell change procedure, which is equivalent to a handover with a brief interruption.
Due to the lower round-trip times compared to UMTS with HSDPA (ideally combined with HSUPA), many interactive applications have become possible with HSDPA.
HSDPA terminal categories
The following table is derived from Table 5.1a from 3GPP TS 25.306 Release 11 and shows the maximum data rates of the physical layer of various HSDPA categories.
category | Max. Number of HS-DSCH codes |
Modulation method | MIMO, dual cell | Max. Data rate in Mbit / s |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | QPSK , 16- QAM | 1.2 | |
2 | 5 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 1.2 | |
3 | 5 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 1.8 | |
4th | 5 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 1.8 | |
5 | 5 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 3.6 | |
6th | 5 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 3.6 | |
7th | 10 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 7.2 | |
8th | 10 | QPSK, 16-QAM | 7.2 | |
9 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | 10.1 | |
10 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | 14.0 | |
11 | 5 | only QPSK | 0.9 | |
12 | 5 | only QPSK | 1.8 | |
13 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | 17.6 | |
14th | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | 21.1 | |
15th | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | MIMO | 23.4 |
16 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | MIMO | 28.0 |
19th | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | MIMO | 35.3 |
20th | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | MIMO | 42.2 |
21st | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | Dual cell | 23.4 |
22nd | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM | Dual cell | 28.0 |
23 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | Dual cell | 35.3 |
24 | 15th | QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM | Dual cell | 42.2 |
25th | 15th | 16-QAM | MIMO + dual cell | 46.7 |
26th | 15th | 16-QAM | MIMO + dual cell | 55.9 |
27 | 15th | 64-QAM | MIMO + dual cell | 70.6 |
28 | 15th | 64-QAM | MIMO + dual cell | 84.4 |
29 | 15th | 64-QAM | Triple cell | 63.3 |
30th | 15th | 64-QAM | Triple-Cell + MIMO | 126.6 |
31 | 15th | 64-QAM | Quad Cell | 84.4 |
32 | 15th | 64-QAM | Quad-Cell + MIMO | 168.8 |
33 | 15th | 64-QAM | Hexa-Cell | 126.6 |
34 | 15th | 64-QAM | Hexa-Cell + MIMO | 253.2 |
35 | 15th | 64-QAM | Octa-Cell | 168.8 |
36 | 15th | 64-QAM | Octa-Cell + MIMO | 337.5 |
distribution
Since the end of 2008 there has been intensified competition due to the market entry of resellers who undercut the price for pure data tariffs by up to 50 percent compared to the previous year. It should be noted, however, that the competitors advertise with HSDPA or other broadband technologies, but technically limit the bandwidth.
In December 2007 there were a total of 150 HSDPA networks in 72 countries worldwide. The European Union accounted for 34 of these networks.
Germany
- The Telekom Germany has equipped the entire UMTS network with 42.2 Mbit / s HSDPA its own account. In February 2007, over 60 percent of the population was covered.
- The Vodafone network covers 82 percent of the population and provides at least HSPA + with speeds of 21.6 Mbit / s, while 54 percent of the network is designed with HSPA + speeds of 42.2 Mbit / s.
- The HSDPA expansion at O₂ started at the end of 2007 and has been completed since the end of 2009. In the meantime, theoretical speeds of at least up to 7.2 Mbit / s are available at all UMTS locations. In addition, there is now HSPA + with up to 14.4 Mbit / s at many locations. In July 2013, O₂ began implementing DC-HSPA + with data transmission rates of up to 42.2 Mbit / s.
- E-Plus has upgraded 97 percent of its UMTS network to 21.6 Mbit / s HSPA + and supplies 80 percent of the population. Since mid-2013, the maximum speed with DC-HSPA + has also been increased to 50 Mbit / s.
Austria
- T-Mobile Austria had already equipped the entire UMTS network with HSDPA in March 2006 and thus reached over 75 percent of the population in December 2007.
- In mid-2008, Hutchison Drei Austria had a population coverage with HSDPA of over 94 percent and since the end of October 2009 a real flat rate.
- Mobilkom Austria (today A1 Telekom Austria ) planned to cover 85 percent of the population with HSDPA and HSUPA by the end of 2007.
- In addition to UMTS and EDGE, bob has also been offering HSDPA since August 2009 .
- Orange Austria covered around 70 percent of the Austrian population with HSDPA. In 2013 Orange (formerly: ONE) was 100% taken over by 3.
Switzerland
- Salt Mobile operates the entire UMTS network (92 percent coverage) with HSDPA (7.2 Mbit / s; 42 Mbit / s at selected locations).
- Sunrise Communications operates the entire UMTS network (80 percent coverage) with HSDPA or HSPA + (42 Mbit / s).
- Swisscom operates the entire UMTS network (98 percent coverage) with HSDPA or HSPA + (42 Mbit / s).
See also
literature
- Martin Sauter: Basic course in mobile communication systems. Vieweg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8348-0397-9 . ( online ).
- Holma / Toskala: HSDPA / HSUPA for UMTS. John Wiley & Sons , May 2006, ISBN 978-0-470-01884-2 .
- Holma / Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons , September 2007, ISBN 978-0-470-31933-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ 3GPP TS 25.306 v11.0.0
- ^ HSPA - Networks ( Memento of December 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , GSM Association
- ↑ Domestic radio coverage , Deutsche Telekom, December 27, 2011.
- ↑ Radio coverage , Vodafone Germany
- ↑ We are making our network even faster and more reliable for you , Vodafone Germany blog, November 2, 2012.
- ↑ Network coverage , o2 Germany, May 8, 2009.
- ↑ DC-HSPA + at o2 , July 30, 2013
- ↑ Full speed: E-Plus continues to be on the offensive in network expansion ( Memento from August 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Eplus-Gruppe.de, January 13, 2013.
- ↑ T-Mobile - T-Mobile Austria is now bringing HSDPA throughout Austria ( Memento from December 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) , T-Mobile Austria press release, March 2, 2006
- ^ Network merger of T-Mobile Austria and tele.ring completed , heise.de , December 19, 2007
- ↑ 3 at the Futura 2007 ( Memento from January 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) , three press release, August 7, 2007
- ↑ Start of the year of network innovations - mobilkom austria gives the go-ahead for HSDPA 7.2 and HSUPA , A1 press release, January 30, 2007
- ↑ Tariff: bob broadband , bob website
- ↑ Numbers and facts , Orange Austria website, January 7, 2009
- ↑ 3 has now officially taken over by Orange ( memento of October 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , Kleine Zeitung, January 3, 2013
- ↑ HD Voice introduced across the board (PDF file; 63 kB) , press release, October 14, 2011
- ↑ HSPA & UMTS , Orange website, January 8, 2012
- ↑ Coverage of the mobile network , Sunrise website, September 30, 2012
- ↑ Mobile broadband network: HD Voice, LTE, UTMS, 4G , Swisscom website, March 22, 2014
- ↑ Network coverage , Swisscom website, March 22, 2014