Plane clamp
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Planing tensioner ( Plagodis dolabraria ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Plagodis dolabraria | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1767) |
The plane spanner ( Plagodis dolabraria ), also known as oak welt spanner , black spot spanner , strip spanner or fire welt spanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the spanner family (Geometridae).
features
The moths reach a wingspan of 28 to 33 millimeters (28 to 32 mm). Their wings are whitish gray to yellow-brown in color and have a pattern with many, parallel, slightly curved, fine, dark lines. On the inside of the forewings a small, dark brown, on the hind wings a larger, purple-brown, heavily faded spot can be seen. Together with the dark brown area at the end of the abdomen, when the wings are in the rest position, they form a horizontal line. The abdomen is otherwise light yellow-brown, you can see several black dots on it and around the edges on the wings. The head is dark brown. The drawing and color of the wings vary little. The 2nd generation butterflies are usually much smaller than the 1st generation butterflies. The butterfly is unmistakable due to the grain-like stripes. A flat indentation on the outer edge of all four wings is also typical.
The eggs are yellow-green and have a smooth surface.
The caterpillars are about 30 millimeters (40 mm) long. They are dark brown in color and look like a small twig ( mimetic ). They have a hump on the eighth segment.
The red-brown pupa is relatively slim. The cremaster shows two longer bristles and two short bristles on each side.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The species occurs from the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles in the west across Central and Eastern Europe to East Asia. In southern Europe, the species is distributed on the Mediterranean islands across the Balkan Peninsula to Asia Minor. In the east the area extends over Siberia to Japan. In the north as far as Fennoscandia .
The animals live mainly in deciduous and mixed forests , but are also found in bushy areas and gardens. They are widespread and common in Central Europe. In the low mountain ranges they rise up to 1,200 meters, in the southern Alps even up to 1,600 meters. The species is never common in its range and is also very local.
Way of life
The moths fly in one generation from late April to mid-July. In climatically warmer regions, an incomplete second generation also flies from August to early September. In the south of the distribution area, two generations are regularly formed. The moths are nocturnal and come to light. During the day they usually rest in the vegetation or on trees, but can be easily scared off. Occasionally they even fly during the day. The caterpillars are found in Central Europe from June to July. The caterpillars eat the leaves of hardwood, especially English oak ( Quercus robur ), common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), winter linden ( Tilia cordata ), willow ( Salix ), elm ( ulmus ) and sloe ( Prunus spinosa ). The caterpillars probably also feed on plums and other fruit trees.
The caterpillars are nocturnal and rest motionless during the day, imitating a small branch. They are secured by a spider thread that goes from the head to the leaf. Pupation takes place on the ground or in moss in a loose web. The pupa overwinters, the moth hatches next spring.
Systematics and taxonomy
The species was first scientifically described by Carl von Linné in 1767.
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Individual evidence
- ↑ Red lists at Science4you
- ↑ a b c d e Heiko Bellmann : The new cosmos butterfly guide. Butterflies, caterpillars and forage plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1 , p. 216.
- ↑ www.lepidoptera.ch
- ↑ Leraut (2009: p. 88/9)
- ↑ UK moths - Ian Kimber's website ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Forster & Wohlfahrt (1971: p. 206/7)
- ↑ Carter & Hargraves (1987: 94/5)
- ↑ Ebert (2001: pp. 363–366)
- ↑ Manfred Koch , Wolfgang Heinicke, Bernd Müller: We determine butterflies. Volume 4: Spanner. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Neumann, Leipzig / Radebeul 1976, DNB 780451570 , p. 210f.
- ^ Carl von Linné: Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 12th edition, Stockholm 1767 Online at SUB Göttingen (description of the type p. 821)
literature
- Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/2: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378411 .
- David J. Carter, Brian Hargreaves: Caterpillars and Butterflies of Europe and their Forage Plants. Paul Paray, Hamburg and Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-490-13918-6
- Günter Ebert (ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 9 (Spanner (Geometridae) 2nd part), Nachtfalter VII. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-800-13279-6
- Karl Eckstein: The butterflies of Germany, 4th volume, the tensioners and the bear-like butterflies. KG Lutz Verlag, Stuttgart, 1923 (p. 39)
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Patrice Leraut: Moths of Europe. Volume II. Geometrid moths. NAP Editions 2009, ISBN 978-2-913688-09-4
