IRIS-T

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IRIS-T

IRIS-T expo front.JPG

General Information
Type Air-to-air missile
Manufacturer Diehl Defense
development 1995-2005
Commissioning 2005
Unit price EUR 400,000
Technical specifications
length 2900 mm
diameter 127 mm
Combat weight 88 kg
span 450 mm
drive Solid rocket engine
speed Do 3
Range 25 km
Furnishing
Target location Infrared seeker head
Warhead 11.4 kg
Detonator Radar proximity and impact fuze
Weapon platforms • Eurofighter
• Panavia Tornado
• F / A-18 Hornet
• Saab 39 Gripen
• F-16 Fighting Falcon
Lists on the subject

The IRIS-T ( Infra Red Imaging System Tail / Thrust Vector-Controlled ) is an air-to-air guided missile with an infrared seeker head for close and close range. It was developed by Germany together with six countries; the Überlingen-based company Diehl BGT Defense was in charge of development . The IRIS-T was considered to be one of the most advanced short-range missiles in the world in the mid-2000s and enables the Eurofighter Typhoon to fight aerial targets in a sphere around the aircraft without having to maneuver into the launch position.

history

In the course of reunification , the Federal Republic came into possession of the MiG-29A of the air forces of the National People's Army, including missiles of the type R-73 . It turned out that the R-73 was much more powerful than previously assumed in the West. It was far superior to its western counterpart at the time, the AIM-9L / M , in all parameters. Particularly outstanding was the great range and maneuverability as well as the ability to capture and combat targets up to 45 ° away from the flight axis ( English off-boresight ).

As a result, the Federal Ministry of Defense commissioned IABG in the early 1990s to investigate how high the risk of two opposing aircraft approaching within visual range is the risk of ever denser air surveillance ( e.g. by AWACS ), more powerful radar sensors and long-range guided missiles. Extensive simulations revealed a high probability: As a result of increasing camouflage of modern aircraft types, unclear air situations with numerous aircraft of different types from various nations involved and limited possibilities for identification, the pilot often has no choice but to identify what was recognized but not properly identified except for a visual distance Plane approaching. This was in stark contrast to the development of the AIM-132 ASRAAM , in which a significant increase in the firing distance ( term : F-Pole ) was the main development goal. Opposing aircraft are supposed to be destroyed on approach ( pre-merge ) before there is a fight in a curve. Since the ASRAAM operational concept was no longer considered up-to-date, Germany withdrew from the project in July 1989.

In April 1996 Bodenseewerk Geräteechnik (BGT) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the partner countries after the talks with Italy, Sweden, Greece, Canada and Norway had been concluded. The new missile planned for the Eurofighter and Tornado was intended to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder. The companies involved were still unknown at the time, but there was speculation on AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada for the actuators and Raufoss for the rocket motor. The contract was to be signed in the second half of 1996, with Germany bearing around 50% of the development costs (DM 26.5 million). Development should begin in 1997 and series production in 2002. At that time, Diehl had already completed the wind tunnel tests with the missile configuration. The dimensions corresponded to those of the Sidewinder, the wings and tail units already corresponded to the later production version. Only the tail of the missile was thickened to accommodate actuators for the rudder and the thrust vector control, which, however, increased the air resistance.

After the project definition phase began in August 1996, the first two test shots with an IRIS-T viewfinder could be taken in October. These were mounted with their navigation system on AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and launched by Luftwaffe F-4s . In the tests with high squint angles, both targets were hit directly. For this purpose, Dornier SK6 towed targets were shot at head-on over a distance of 5 km, with a squint angle of up to 50 ° at the start. The MoU between the partners should now be signed in August 1997. The definition phase ended in April 1997. AlliedSignal Canada succeeded in reducing the rear area of ​​the missile to the average diameter so that the thickening at the rear could be omitted. Furthermore, the leading edges of the wing were swept more strongly. In October 1997 the Dutch Air Force began test flights with an IRIS-T and helmet visor, for which Lockheed Martin had to partially rewrite the F-16 software. Parliamentary approval in Germany and the partner countries was hoped for in November. At the beginning of December 1997 the Bundestag gave the green light for the IRIS-T to replace the AIM-9L. Germany now played the key role with 46% of the project and contributed DM 500 million. Italy (20%), Sweden (18%), Greece (8%), Canada (4%) and Norway (3%) participated accordingly. The start of development was planned for 1998, with deliveries from 2003. The missile should be compatible with the Sidewinder, use the same dimensions and launch rails, and be equipped with an analogue interface to complement the digital one.

In mid-2000, BGT began work on a ground-based anti-aircraft missile based on the IRIS-T. The LFK-NG was financed by the Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement , and international partners were on the lookout. The missile was also developed for the Wiesel 2 Ozelot , and could also be implemented in other systems such as the UHT Tiger , and used as CrewPADS. Test shots of a ground-launched IRIS-T were carried out in 2000 and 2002 at the Salto di Quirra test site in Sardinia.

From October 17 to 23, 2000, the first IRIS-T were fired from a Greek F-16. Subsonic and supersonic exits as well as shots at high lateral accelerations were tested. Previous shots only took place with seekerless guided missiles. Since the engine released its thrust vector paddles after a short flight distance during test shots by the Swedish Air Force at the Vidsel rocket test site in November 2000, it had to be improved. The investigation found that the rocket motor liner came off, which changed the nozzle throat diameter and thus the thrust profile. At the beginning of 2001, the order to integrate the IRIS-T into the Eurofighter and the F-16 was placed. Germany paid € 61.4 million for integration into German and Italian Eurofighters and Greece “several million euros” for the F-16 family. In July 2001, the test shots of the IRIS-T for testing the advanced autopilot ended, the maximum angle of attack and the maximum g-load were reached.

At the beginning of 2002, test shots against Mirach 100/5 drones were carried out on the Salto di Quirra test range. An F-4F was fired head-on to test the interception of targets with a small signature. In April / May, drones that dropped IR decoys during maximum g maneuvers were hit. This also showed that the modifications were successful because of the paddle failure. When the shares were redistributed at the turn of the year 2001/2002, Canada got out and the Eurofighter country Spain joined. The key was now 46% for Germany, 19% for Italy, 18% for Sweden, 13% for Greece and 4% between Spain and Norway. In February 2003, Germany decided to procure, the other partner countries should sign in April. The total volume of the contract was given as 1 billion euros. Spain was now planning to integrate the IRIS-T into the F / A-18C.

Seven IRIS-T shots in October 2003 resulted in seven direct hits without a warhead on Meteor Mirach-100/5 drones. At the beginning of 2004, the shooting tests with Eurofighter on DA7 began. Use on the Eurofighter was targeted for 2006. At the beginning of 2005 a contract for 4,000 missiles was to be signed with the partner countries. Overall, integration on F-16, Gripen, Tornado and Typhoon was aimed for. Germany declared itself to order 1250 missiles, Spain 700. Now a ground-launched variant with an enlarged rocket motor was also being considered, which should be integrated into the MEADS.

In December 2005, the Luftwaffe received the first serial missile at Rostock-Laage Airport , and on June 12, 2007 a JAS-39 fired an IRIS-T for the first time in the Vidsel Range.

concept

F-18A starting an AIM-9L

Short-range air-to-air missiles are used to combat opposing combat aircraft in combat in curves . While early models could only capture targets from behind, this changed with the introduction of the L version of the Sidewinder (AIM-9L), which could now lock targets that moved sideways or frontally towards the seeker head ( all-aspect ). The hit rate increased to 73% in the Falklands War , a significant improvement over the 15% of earlier Sidewinder versions during the Vietnam War . The fighter aircraft manufacturers countered this with the use of IR decoys , whereby the hit rate in the Second Gulf War fell back to 23%. In modern infrared-guided missiles, such as the AIM-9X , imaging seekers are therefore used that can differentiate between decoys and targets. One possible countermeasure is the installation of glare lasers to divert the missiles from the target ( Directed Infrared Counter Measures ).

There was also a further development in the connection area. Early weapons could only lock and track targets in a narrow area in front of the aircraft. With the introduction of the R-73, this changed: the pilot could use his helmet visor to target targets up to 45 ° away from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. With modern weapons such as the Python-4 , this area has been increased to 90 °, so targets next to the aircraft can also be activated and tracked. The latest models, such as the Python-5 , also have the ability to lock-on targets after they have been launched ( lock-on after launch ). This means that opponents can also be fought that are more than 90 ° away when the pilot looks over his shoulder at the target and pulls the trigger. Alternatively, the target position can also be received via the MIDS . The weapon will then lock the target itself after turning. Sometimes the launch platform and the missile communicate via a data link in order to be able to follow the new course when the pilot moves his head, or they only follow the last movement vector of the target. Particularly manoeuvrable missiles can also hit targets close to and behind their own combat aircraft; this ability is referred to as full sphere capability . A novelty in the Euro Fighter is the target allocation on missile Warner ( Engl. Missile approach warner ), which improves the visibility for the pilot and blind spots reduced.

The missile warning systems are part of the EuroDASS Praetorian and work with active millimeter wave radar. Two of them are located in the front wing roots, another at the rear of the machine. Objects within a sphere around the Typhoon, with the exception of directly above and below, can thus be located and tracked. The pilot no longer has to maneuver his aircraft into the launch position or move his head, the targets are selected by voice input and the trigger is pulled. The Eurofighter can therefore always follow the optimal course in order to avoid enemy guided missiles. Due to the new type of seeker head, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles can also be fought with the IRIS-T in order to defend the Typhoon as a hardkill system.

technology

Section of the IRIS-T with the four parts

IRIS-T is a fire-and-forget missile which, according to the BWB, has better close combat, interception and self-defense properties than any other short-range LFK system available in 2001. In contrast to the AIM-132 ASRAAM , which has been optimized for F-pole shots, the IRIS-T is designed for shots in the furball . The target can be assigned in the Eurofighter using the EuroRADAR CAPTOR , EuroFIRST PIRATE , Striker helmet visor or AMIDS missile warning system, in the rear hemisphere only via the missile warning system. The IRIS-T is designed to achieve direct hits. In order to achieve a high probability of destruction in the case of secondary targets such as fast, difficult to grasp missiles, the missile is additionally equipped with an active radar proximity sensor. The modular IRIS-T consists of the main assemblies, seeker head with steering unit, radar proximity sensor, safety and sharpening device, the warhead, the solid propulsion unit and the control unit. The missile is about 3 m long, has a diameter of 127 mm and weighs around 90 kg. The mechanical and electrical interface is compatible with the Sidewinder. For reasons of downward compatibility, the weapon has not only a digital, but also an analogue interface to the aircraft.

The viewfinder is unusual: Modern IR-guided weapons, such as the AIM-9X or ASRAAM, use Focal Plane Arrays (FPA) to identify targets using imaging infrared. The 128 × 128 pixel detector always fixes the object, which makes it susceptible to glare lasers in development. In the IRIS-T, on the other hand, an FPA was combined with mechanical scanning. The field of view of the viewfinder is moved mechanically with a mirror so that only a small section of the image is visible to the detector. Despite this construction, a squint angle range of ± 90 ° and a high tracking rate of the viewfinder could be achieved. The IRIS-T uses a linear two-color array with 128 × 2 pixels which has an angular resolution in the milliradian range and scans the field of view 80 times per second in order to create an image with 128 × 128 pixels. Intelligent image processing detects IR decoys in the image and ignores them. A target library is available for identification, which contains images of all known military aircraft from different perspectives. Eight of the most vulnerable points towards which the guided weapon is heading are stored for each target. The viewfinder is three to four times greater than that of the old Sidewinder.

Movement of the seeker head

The smaller array can be cooled better and allows for a smaller viewfinder dome that heats up less at high speed, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio . The pixel points of the two rows are offset to one another so that small heat points cannot fall into the gaps between the pixels during scanning. Since aerial targets consist of only one or a few pixels at a great distance, there is no loss of information compared to a large array. The combination of line scanner and offset pixels prevents signal modulation or loss of target over long distances. The IRIS-T was developed explicitly to neutralize IR interferers (glare lasers, IR flashing lights). If the viewfinder is blinded by a laser, the image is only cross-faded when the line scanner looks directly at the energy source. If necessary, the IRIS-T then switches to a home-on-jam mode and flies to the energy source.

The high-explosive warhead can be triggered by the impact in the target or the K u band radar proximity fuse and consists of a 11.4 kg fragmentation charge. The rocket motor behind it consists of composite materials in order to keep the empty mass as low as possible and to increase the fuel mass fraction. The solid-fuel motor is characterized by a complex burn-off behavior. At the start, the rocket is separated from the aircraft by a strong boost. This is followed by a short phase with low thrust, which should enable the rocket to change the flight direction instantly by up to 180 °. The motor then accelerates the rocket to its top speed of Mach 3 and then burns down in maintenance mode to reduce energy losses. There are four guide vanes in the nozzle outlet for thrust vector control. The IRIS-T is faster than Sidewinder, has a slightly higher thrust and less air resistance.

The weapon has a lock-on-after-launch mode (LOAL) in order to be fired at the last known motion vector of the target if it is not yet in the ± 90 ° field of view of the viewfinder at the start. Navigation during the flight phase is carried out with an inertial navigation system from Lital (now Northrop Grumman Italia). It was the first time a Lital inertial navigation system was used in a missile. The extreme agility required for close-range aerial combat is achieved by IRIS-T with a highly maneuverable missile cell with aerodynamic tail control in conjunction with the thrust vector control and a thrust profile of the engine that is optimized for this application. This configuration ensures high agility in all axes even at low speeds and at great heights. The aerodynamics with the wings of small aspect ratio guarantees sufficient maneuvering potential to successfully combat maneuvering targets even after the engine burns down, i.e. when shooting at long range. The autopilot must be able to control this extreme maneuverability, which results in high non-linearity and rapidly changing time-dependent dynamics. The classic method of older guided missiles with proportional and integral control fails here because an excessive number of design points would be necessary. It was decided to use µ-synthesis to linearize and create the controllers, with three controllers taking over the lateral control and four controllers taking over the roll control. Each controller of an axis covers a certain dynamic pressure range, the output values ​​of the controllers are combined according to a processing / mixing scheme in order to switch smoothly from the control area of ​​one controller to the other. As new territory was broken, the IRIS-T took off from the ground for test flights in May 2000. Only cautious maneuvers were flown to check the autopilot, which guarantees the aerodynamic stability of the missile. The tests were a complete success. It was one of the first applications of an H ∞ controller in a guided missile.

After firing, the IRIS-T can perform a 180 ° turn in the area of ​​two large soccer fields. It only takes 0.5 seconds from the guided missile launch to the detection of a target behind the launch platform through the 90 ° squint angle of the viewfinder. Diehl BGT Defense makes the following fruit comparison for the maneuverability of the IRIS-T: If the turning circle of the Sidewinder corresponds to the diameter of a watermelon, the Wympel R-73 needs an apple and the IRIS-T a plum. Since the R-73 can already fly lateral accelerations of 60 g, the IRIS-T should be able to achieve well over 100 g. Load multiples of 100 g are not unusual in modern close-range air-to-air guided missiles. Denel advertises that the A-Darter is not optimized for maneuverability, because wingless A-Darter can reach 100 g through thrust vector control .

variants

IDAS

IDAS missile (front)

The IDAS (Interactive Defense and Attack system for Submarines) is being developed for the submarine class 212 A of the German Navy. IDAS will mainly contribute to the defense of submarines against air threats such as anti-submarine helicopters, but can also be used against small ships and coastal land targets. The launch takes place by being ejected from a torpedo tube in which four missiles (two each side by side and two one behind the other) are carried. The missile is controlled via an optical fiber, which allows the shooter to intervene. The infrared seeker head for target search and the navigation system were taken over from the IRIS-T, and a new drive and 20 kg warhead were scaffolded. The missile is expressed hydraulically; The rocket motor then ignites in front of the submarine and accelerates the guided weapon upwards. After breaking through the surface of the water, the float is thrown off and the flight phase begins. The gun's jet motor changes between three thrust profiles, depending on the phase, and lets the exhaust jet exit at an angle through two nozzles, as the rear of the missile picks up the fiberglass coil. Folding wings, which are opened during the flight phase, are attached to the rocket motor. The length is 2.5 m, the diameter 180/240 mm, the take-off weight 120 kg. The range should be around 20 km.

The idea dates back to 1995, and the first study was carried out with Kongsberg in 1998. After Nammo came on board in 2003 , the first test shot from a 212 boat could take place in 2008 . State funding ended in 2012. Since the project partners see great market potential, the IDAS Consortium (Diehl and ThyssenKrupp, as well as Nammo and Roketsan ) has been promoting the development since then . At the end of 2015, the Andøya Test Center (ATC) will be verified by the submarine class 210 . The market launch should take place from 2018.

IRIS-T SL

IRIS-T SL

The ground-based variant IRIS-T SL (Surface Launched) was to be used as a second missile, in addition to the US Patriot PAC-3, in the tactical air defense system Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) against aircraft, helicopters or enemy guided missiles. The Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement signed the contract for the development of the IRIS-T SL with Diehl BGT Defense in May 2007. Diehl Defense has meanwhile developed the air defense system IRIS-T SLM on the basis of this missile . The first buyer of this system is Sweden.

Compared to the IRIS-T, among other things, the diameter of the rocket motor has been increased to 152 mm, the range should be tripled. A data link is also to be installed. A vertical take-off system with eight missiles is to be placed on a Unimog 5000. The magazine of the armed forces of the United Arab Emirates states a range of over 35 km and a maximum target height of around 20 km. The minimum range should be less than one kilometer. A new insensitive warhead should also be used, and a GPS receiver should be integrated. The mass of the weapon and starter container should be 240 kg (see ESSM and Barak 8 with over 280 kg). The weapon has an aerodynamic nose cap that is thrown off before activating the viewfinder. The IRIS-T SL also has a thrust vector control.

In January 2014 Diehl presented the functionality of the missile and the launch system to an international audience at the Overberg test site with sharp shots.

LFK NG

New generation guided missile

The New Generation guided missile, also known as LFK NG, is a new surface-to-air missile that is being developed by MBDA and Diehl for the German Armed Forces. BGT began work on it in mid-2000; the development was financed by the Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement . It will be the standard armament of the new air defense system (SysFla), and could also be inserted into the Wiesel 2 Ozelot and the UHT Tiger, and used as CrewPADS. When used as a Crew Portable Air Defense System, the complex consists of double starters, FIRST infrared sensor and transmitter. The complex can be controlled via a laptop. Instead of the double starter, a VLS container is also conceivable. The missile succeeds the Roland weapon system and covers the performance spectrum above the Stinger. The viewfinder was adopted from the IRIS-T, but the squint angle was reduced to less than 90 °. The missile has a length of 1.8 m, a mass of only 28 kg, a diameter of 110 mm and a penetrator / fragmentation warhead weighing 2.5 kg. A range of up to 10 km and speeds of up to Mach 2.2 can be achieved. A data link enables “lock-on after launch”, ie the start without prior target acquisition by the seeker head, which allows the fight against helicopters behind cover. Thanks to a double pulse motor, the rocket is still very agile even on the final approach. A double pulse motor was originally planned for the IRIS-T. The rocket motor made of thin flow-forming steel is in two parts and lined with EPDM on the inside . Both parts are filled with composite fuel as a star burner and screwed together. A bulkhead (PSD) is used between the two elements to prevent the fire from spreading from the rear to the front rocket set. The front set is detonated under computer control if the tactical situation requires it and the rear set has burned down. If both burned at the same time, the missile would burst due to the overpressure. The first pulse (rear rocket chamber) burns about three times longer than the second pulse (front rocket chamber), but the second is stronger. The steel wings and strakes are laser-welded to the thin wall of the engine, as is the rear flange.

Air-to-surface missile

The air-to-surface missile IRIS-T differs from the air-to-air variant in that it has modified software. Has been tested by Norway .

Users

Despite the high unit price, the IRIS-T sells very well internationally thanks to its advanced technology. Germany pays around 400,000 euros per weapon, including development costs of 46%. Due to the high level of integration into the avionics of the Eurofighter Typhoon , the IRIS-T is viewed as the “natural” armament of the aircraft. Five out of seven Eurofighter countries use the weapon to utilize the full potential of both components. With Austrian Typhoons and other aircraft types (exception F-35), the target instruction by the missile warning system is not applicable. According to Diehl BGT Defense, around 4,000 guided missiles had been ordered by 2011.

Air Force soldiers attach an IRIS-T to a Eurofighter Typhoon

Web links

Commons : IRIS-T  - collection of images, videos and audio files

attachment

  1. ↑ Since the line scanner fades in this case, only the angle to the IR source can be determined in one axis. Since two angles in two axes are necessary for proportional navigation in space, the missile or the viewfinder will probably have to perform a rolling movement when the guided missile approaches an interferer in HOJ mode.
  2. ↑ A little math: Since the g-force is, and a large soccer field is r = 120 m long, at v = 408 m / s (Mach 1.2 near the ground) a = 1387 m / s², which is about 141 g corresponds to. A higher speed would result in a significantly higher g-load, a lower speed would increase the risk of collision with the launch platform. Furthermore, it would be very unusual for a guided missile with supersonic wings to develop the highest maneuverability in subsonic or transonic. In this case, delta wings would be more appropriate. If one consults the fruit comparison and assumes that a plum is half the diameter of an apple, the IRIS-T would be able to fly 2 × 60 g = 120 g according to the above formula - provided that AA-11 and IRIS-T turn with it same speed.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d IRIS-T. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Diehl BGT Defense. 2011, archived from the original on June 12, 2013 ; accessed on July 13, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.diehl.com
  2. ↑ a b c IRIS-T Combat ASRAAM on Swiss F / A-18 Missiles Program. In: Aviation Week. 2001, archived from the original on April 21, 2007 ; accessed on July 13, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h IRIS-T: Aim of air superiority. In: European Security. 2008, archived from the original on June 5, 2008 ; Retrieved July 13, 2014 .
  4. ↑ a b German missile deal draws close. In: Flightglobal. March 1, 1996, accessed July 13, 2014 .
  5. ↑ BGT scores two successes with IRIS-T missile seeker test engagements. In: Flightglobal. October 2, 1996, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  6. ^ A b c d Norman Friedman: The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997-1998 . US Naval Inst Pr, 1997, ISBN 1-55750-268-4 , pp. 422, 423 .
  7. ↑ a b JANE'S MISSILES AND ROCKETS - AUGUST 01, 2001: IRIS-T completes fourth series of firing trials . Jane's Information Group, July 18, 2001.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Any one for IRIS-T. In: Flightglobal. April 30, 1997, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  9. ↑ BGT slims down its IRIS-T missile. In: Flightglobal. April 30, 1997, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  10. ↑ a b Germany clears IRIS-T missile development. In: Flightglobal. December 2, 1997, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  11. ↑ Dutch begin IRIS-T F-16 trials. In: Flightglobal. October 1, 1997, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  12. ↑ a b c Germany starts work on missile. In: Flightglobal. June 13, 2000, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  13. ↑ a b JANE'S MISSILES AND ROCKETS - JUNE 01, 2002: IRIS-T firing trials gather speed . Jane's Information Group, May 21, 2002.
  14. ↑ IRIS-T air launched for the first time. In: Flightglobal. November 1, 2000, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  15. ↑ IRIS-T missile team fixes firing fault. In: Flightglobal. April 1, 2001, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  16. ↑ BGT to carry out IRIS-T integration. In: Flightglobal. January 1, 2002, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  17. ↑ JANE'S MISSILES AND ROCKETS - MAY 01, 2002: First seeker-guided IRIS-T firing downs target drone . Jane's Information Group, April 23, 2002.
  18. ↑ IRIS-T set for series production as Germany gives green light. (PDF) In: Flightglobal. February 11, 2003, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  19. ^ A b New air-to-air contender. (PDF) In: Flightglobal. May 4, 2004, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  20. ↑ IRIS-T set for series production as Germany gives green light. In: Flightglobal. December 13, 2005, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  21. ↑ Gripen releases first IRIS-T. In: Flightglobal. June 1, 2007, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  22. ↑ John Stillion, Scott Perdue: Air Combat Past, Present and Future. (PDF, 5.3 MB) RAND corporation, accessed on September 13, 2013 .
  23. ↑ a b c d e f JANE'S MISSILES AND ROCKETS - APRIL 01, 2002: IRIS-T to begin seeker-guided firings . Jane's Information Group, March 22, 2002.
  24. ↑ a b c d e Short-range square-off. In: Flightglobal. June 27, 2000, accessed July 13, 2014 .
  25. ↑ a b IRIS-T. In: Airpower.at. Retrieved July 13, 2014 .
  26. ^ A Solution Provider - Enabling the Right Response. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Nammo. May 20, 2010, archived from the original on July 19, 2013 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dtic.mil
  27. ↑ IRIS-T is first tactical missile to use Lital navigation system. (No longer available online.) In: Northrop Grumman Italia. December 1, 2005, archived from the original on August 19, 2014 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.northropgrumman.it
  28. ↑ Harald Buschek: Design and flight test of a robust autopilot for the IRIS-T air-to-air missile . (May). Control Engineering Practice Volume 11, Issue 5, 2003, pp. 551-558 .
  29. ↑ Aimed at the target with a directed jet of fire. In: Südkurier. September 24, 2005, accessed August 8, 2014 .
  30. ^ Brazilian air force commissions factory for A-Darter missile, confirms specs. In: Flightglobal. December 14, 2012, accessed August 12, 2014 .
  31. ↑ a b IDAS The revolutionary multi-role weapon for submerged submarines. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Diehl. July 1, 2008, archived from the original on December 6, 2013 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.diehl.com
  32. ↑ a b IDAS Interactive Defense and Attack System for Submarines. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: IDAS Consortium. June 3, 2014, archived from the original on August 19, 2014 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fsi.no
  33. ↑ a b IRIS-I SLM Medium Range Air Defense. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Nation Shield. December 1, 2010, archived from the original on October 19, 2013 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.diydashboard.com
  34. ↑ airforce technology
  35. ↑ Teal Group ( Memento of the original from November 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / tealgroup.com
  36. ↑ A multi-tiered approach. In: Flightglobal. August 6, 2004, accessed July 23, 2014 .
  37. ↑ Diehl presents the IRIS-T SLM air defense system. In: Flight Revue. January 23, 2014, accessed August 8, 2014 .
  38. ^ ODC 2011 Industry Day. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: MBDA. 2011, archived from the original on August 19, 2014 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amcham.de
  39. ↑ a b LFK NG. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Diehl. August 8, 2014, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on August 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.diehl.com
  40. ↑ LJ Stadler et al .: THE DUAL PULSE MOTOR FOR LFK NG (AIAA 2006-4762) . 42nd AIAA / ASME / SAE / ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2006.
  41. ↑ http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam
  42. ↑ IRIS-T. In: Deagel. 2011, accessed on July 13, 2014 .
  43. ^ South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles. In: Defense Industry Daily. June 29, 2008, accessed August 8, 2014 .