Abū l-Walīd ibn Ruschd

Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Ibn Ruschd ( Arabic أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد, DMG Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Ibn Rušd born 1058/59; died December 8, 1126 ) was a Maliki scholar and qadī in Cordoba during the Almoravid period . He was the grandfather of the eponymous philosopher Ibn Ruschd, who became known in Europe under the name Averroes . That is why he was subsequently called "Ibn Ruschd, the grandfather" ( Ibn Rušd al-Ǧadd ). Together with ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Habīb , al-Bādschī , Ibn al-ʿArabī al-Maʿāfirī and his grandson Ibn Ruschd, he was counted by al-Shaqundī (d. 1231/32) among the five most important legal scholars of al-Andalus .

Life

Ibn Rushd lived in a time of great external threats. During his youth, Alfonso VI expanded . from Léon-Castile his dominion far over the Duero river to the south and conquered Toledo in 1085 . From 1117 to 1121, at a time when external threats were also accompanied by internal unrest, Ibn Ruschd officiated as Qādī and head of the prayer of Cordoba .

In a fatwa that he gave to Tamīm, the brother of the Almoravid ruler ʿAlī ibn Yūsuf ibn Tāschufīn , who served as his governor in al-Andalus from 1107 to 1126, Ibn Ruschd ruled that due to the constant attacks by the Christian side on Islamic territory The duty to protect against Christian traders who are on Islamic territory no longer exists. After the great campaign of the Christian ruler Alfonso I to Andalusia in 1125 he spoke on March 30, 1126 in Marrakech at 'Alī ibn Yoosuf ibn Tāschufīn before to warn him of his view persisting danger. Ibn Ruschd is also associated with the decision of the Almoravid ruler in 1126 to deport some of the Christian residents of Cordoba, Seville and Granada . One of his most important students was al-Qādī ʿIyād .

Works

According to Ibn ʿIdhārī , Ibn Rushd wrote more than a hundred books. These include:

• Kitāb al-Muqaddimāt al-mumahhadāt li-bayān mā qtaḍat-hu rusūm al-Mudauwana min al-aḥkām aš-šarʿīya , systematic presentation of Islamic law with explanations on the topics dealt with in the Mudauwana of Sahnūn ibn Saʿīd . The chapter on jihad , which combines explanations of Quranic verses and material from previous legal books on the subject and gives a coherent definition of what was understood as legitimate warfare in its day, has been evaluated by Janina Safran.
• the commentary on al-Bayān wa-t-taḥṣīl on al-Masāʾil al-mustaḫraga min al-asmiʿa mimmā laisa fī l-Mudauwana by the Andalusian Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-ʿUtbī (d. 868/869). This collection of legal questions ( asmiʿa ), which are not contained in the Mudauwana of Sahnūn , was also known as al-ʿUtbīya. It is to the merit of Ibn Ruschd that the original work of al-ʿUtbī has been preserved through his comprehensive commentary, because according to the structure of the work, he first quotes the original text of al-ʿUtbī in full, and then gives it to him with his detailed commentary on the individual legal questions discuss. Ibn Ruschd reports on the genesis of his work in the introduction; When his students from Silves and Jaén were reading aloud from the ʿUtbīya in June 1112, the discussion of a complicated legal question led to a comprehensive explanation of all legal questions collected by al-ʿUtbī at the suggestion of his students, in order to make the legal issues addressed in a simple manner for the students. Ibn Ruschd completed the work in May 1123, arranged according to chapters and legal topics.
• Kitāb al-Fatāwā , Collection of Legal Opinions . There are two editions, a three-volume by al-Muḫtār Ibn-aṭ-Ṭāhir at-Talīlī (Beirut 1987) and a two-volume less extensive under the title Masāʾil Abī al-Walīd ibn Rušd by Muḥammad al-Ḥabīb at-Taǧkānī (Casablanca 1992) . It is an important source for the history of foundations in al-Andalus. Of the 666 reports in the at-Talīlīs collection, 49 deal with the questions of pious foundations .

literature

• JD Latham: Art. "Ibn Ru shd , Abu 'l-Walīd Muhammad b. Aḥmad, al- Dj add" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. XII, pp. 397b-398a.
• Janina Safran: Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Islamic Iberia. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2013.
• Delfina Serrano Ruano: “Ibn Rushd al-Jadd (d. 520/1126)”, in: Oussama Arabi, David Stephan Powers, Susan Ann Spectorsky (eds.): Islamic Legal Thought. A Compendium of Muslim Jurists , Brill, Leiden 2013, ISBN 9789004254527 , 295–322 ( publisher's link ; online excerpt )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ See Alejandro García Sanjuán: Till God Inherits the Earth. Islamic Pious Endowments in al-Andalus (9-15th Centuries). Leiden: Brill 2007. p. 11.
2. ↑ See saffron. Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: . 2013, p. 203.
3. ↑ See saffron. Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: . 2013, p. 204.
4. ↑ See saffron. Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: . 2013, p. 204.
5. ↑ See Delfina Serrano Ruano, p. 319
6. ↑ See saffron. Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: . 2013, pp. 196-208.
7. ↑ Edited by Muḥammad al-Ḥiǧǧī u. a. in 19 volumes. Beirut 1984ff.
8. ^ Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic literature. Leiden 1967. Volume 1. p. 472; see also: Delfina Serrano Ruano, p. 319 ff. For the work fragments see: Miklos Muranyi : Materials on Malikite legal literature. Wiesbaden 1984. pp. 50-65
9. ↑ See Fernández Félix: Cuestiones legales del Islam temprano: La 'Utbiyya y el proceso de formación de la sociedad islámica Andalusi , Madrid 2003. Miklos Muranyi: A Unique Manuscript from Kairouan in the British Library: The Samāʿ-Work of Ibn al -Qāsim al-ʿUtaqī and Issues of Methodology , in: Herbert Berg (ed.): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins , Brill, Leiden 2003, 325-368, 343ff.
10. ^ Al-Bayan wa-t-ta -īl . Volume 1. pp. 26-31
11. ↑ See Alejandro García Sanjuán: Till God Inherits the Earth. Islamic Pious Endowments in al-Andalus (9-15th Centuries). Leiden: Brill 2007. pp. 10f.