Internet in Japan

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The origin of the Internet in Japan was a communication network between universities. The top-level domain of Japan is .jp .

With the advent of the Internet in the US, more networks have been established in other parts of the world over time. Thus, in 1984, the JUNET (Japan Unix Network) was created in Japan . This was the first network in Japan, which connected the University of Tokyo , Keiō University and the Tokyo Institute of Technology with each other. This network was joined by more than 600 Japanese universities until it was eventually considered obsolete and shut down in the mid-1990s. The outdated JUNET has been replaced by the already commercially available Internet.

At the beginning of private Internet use, the number of users was low due to the low number of Japanese websites, but the number of users has grown every year since then. In 2016, more than 91% of the Japanese population used the Internet.

Due to the high number of users and activities of the Japanese on the Internet, a unique network culture has developed in Japan, as in other parts of the world .

The Internet in Japan is now considered to be one of the least government-censored and controlled networks in the world.

history

It all started with the construction of a computer network at Keiō University in 1982. The WIDE Project , known as the forerunner of the Internet, began with the establishment of the WIDE Research Group in 1984, when several universities in Japan were connected.

However, the development of the Internet in Japan posed several problems. On the one hand, strictly regulated laws prevented the development of the Internet, and on the other hand, there were initially major problems with the implementation of the Kanjis (Chinese characters used by Japan) in computers.

The connection between the universities of Japan has been abbreviated to JUNET (Japan University NETwork). In the course of time, other Japanese universities became part of the JUNET network.

The purpose of JUNET was to create a research basis for network research. The focus of the research was on communication technologies and the implementation of Japanese characters as 16-bit Kanji codes.

In 1986 the JUNET was connected to the CSNET (Computer Science Network) in the USA, which was the first international connection with a Japanese network.

The first commercially available Internet connection was put into operation in 1993 under the name Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ). As a result, other small providers followed suit. As the number of users continued to rise, Internet providers continued to expand their networks. In Japan, too, the network developed according to existing population structures. Highly populated economic centers were the starting point for commercial expansion. Furthermore, a high number of start-ups of Internet companies could be observed in certain regions within Tokyo.

Use of the Internet

MIC data from 2013
Age Usage%
average 82.8
6-12 73.3
13-19 97.9
20-29 98.5
30-39 97.4
40-49 96.6
50-59 91.4
60-64 76.6
65-69 68.9
70-79 48.9
80- 22.3

Internet usage data in Japan in 2016

  • 115,111,595 people who used the internet
  • 126,323,715 people live in Japan
  • 91.1% of the Japanese population used the Internet accordingly
  • Despite the shrinking population since 2010, the number of users has increased annually.

Regulations of the Internet

Similar to the right to be forgotten of the European Union , it is occasionally allowed in Japan that individuals are allowed to express themselves in court about the information they have on the Internet about past deeds and have the chance to have this data deleted. Among other things, these acts are serious crimes. The right to be forgotten has not yet been enshrined in law in Japan. Thus, not everyone has the right to remove their personal data from the Internet.

Furthermore, in 2014 a Japanese court ruling caused Facebook to release the IP addresses of fake accounts that upload images that were taken without consensus and could be considered revenge porn.

With the introduction of the "My Number" card in 2016, the citizens of Japan were given the opportunity to obtain all possible information about their taxes and social benefits on the Internet. The distribution of the cards is slow. In 2017, only 9.83 million "My Number" cards were distributed so far.

Infrastructure

In order to be able to establish a private Internet connection in Japan, contracts with two types of providers are necessary.

A contract must be concluded with a network owner. Furthermore, a contract with an Internet service provider must be concluded. However, some Internet providers offer both types of contract.

Connection to the network

The first provider enables the physical supply of the Internet. You can choose between two different ways of connecting to the Internet. The connection with ADSL , the most widespread connection to the network worldwide, or the option of the " Hikari-Fiber " ( Japanese 光 hikari , German 'light' ) which promises a faster connection to the Internet than with ADSL. Japan ranks fourth in the world for average internet speed. There are differences between internet speeds in cities like Tokyo and rural areas of Japan. In Tokyo, broadband connections with 2Gbs download and 1Gbs upload speed have been offered since 2013 for a price of around $ 51. However, fast internet access is also possible in rural areas, which is made possible by the KIZUNA satellite . This enables the reception of Internet at speeds of up to 1.2Gbs. A satellite antenna must be installed at home to receive the satellite Internet. When installing an antenna with a diameter of approx. 45cm, download speeds of 155Mbps and upload speeds of 6Mbps can be achieved. When installing a 5m diameter antenna, the maximum internet speed of 1.2Gbs can be achieved.

Digital access

The second provider (also known as the Internet Service Provider, ISP) provides the house with digital access to the Internet. However, some companies offer both, depending on the region.

A list of Japanese Internet service providers can be viewed on the isp.today website.

censorship

Japan is one of the countries that allows its citizens general freedom and is completely free of censored content. This also includes the content available to the Japanese on the Internet. Japan ranks 7th in a global comparison of internet freedom and censorship.

The exception to this is Japan's self-censorship . Journalists are limited in their work on Fukushima coverage . It should be noted, however, that this censorship does not extend to other areas. Thus, the citizens of Japan are not restricted in using the Internet.

See also

literature

  • K. Coates, C. Holroyd: Japan and the Internet Revolution. Springer-Verlag, no location, September 2, 2003, ISBN 978-1-4039-9007-5
  • Lutz Krafft: Development of Spatial Clusters: The Example of Internet and E-Commerce Start-ups in Germany. Springer-Verlag, no location, December 8, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8350-9170-2
  • Hiroshi Esaki, Hideki Sunahara, Jun Murai: Advanced Information Technology. IOS Press, August 15, 2008, no location, ISBN 978-1-58603-862-5

Web links

Commons : Internet in Japan  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b J. Murai, A. Kato: SIGCOMM '87 Proceedings of the ACM workshop on Frontiers in computer communications technology. In: Digital Library. ACM New York, NY, USA, August 1, 1987, pp. 68-77, accessed January 29, 2017
  2. ↑ Besim Karadeniz: The Beginnings of the Internet, ARPA In: netplanet.org, accessed on January 29, 2017
  3. ↑ Besim Karadeniz: The Internet is Growing Up In: netplanet.org, accessed on January 29, 2017
  4. ↑ a b c The Wide Project In: wide.ad.jp, accessed January 29, 2017
  5. ↑ a b B. Slominski: Internet in Japan ( Memento of the original from January 28, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: japan-stammtisch.de, August 9, 2005, accessed on January 29, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.japan-stammtisch.de
  6. ↑ a b c d e Internet Live Stats: Internet users of Japan. In: internetlivestats.com, July 1, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017
  7. ↑ a b Freedom Status Japan In: freedomhouse.org, accessed January 29, 2017
  8. ^ A b Lutz Krafft: Development of Spatial Clusters: The Example of Internet and E-Commerce Start-ups in Germany. Springer-Verlag, no location, December 8, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8350-9170-2 , p. 522, accessed on January 29, 2017
  9. ↑ From Modest Beginnings ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: nsf.gov, accessed January 29, 2017  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nsf.gov
  10. ^ Lutz Krafft: Development of Spatial Clusters: The Example of Internet and E-Commerce Start-ups in Germany. Springer-Verlag, no location, December 8, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8350-9170-2 , pp. 519ff, accessed on January 29, 2017
  11. ↑ Kou Yukawa: Internet Companies in Japan after the Collapse of the Internet Bubble - An Analysis of Internet Companies and their Cluster- In: fujitsu.com, Fujitsu Research Institut, no location, around 2004, pp. 21ff, accessed on January 29, 2017
  12. ^ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2013 Compiled. In: soumu.go.jp, MIC, June 27, 2014, accessed on January 29, 2017
  13. ↑ The Asahi Shimbun: INTERVIEW / Peter Fleischer: Google performs balancing act over the right to be forgotten. In: asahi.com, The Asahi Shimbun, August 24, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017
  14. ↑ Justin McCurry: Japan recognizes right to be forgotten of a man convicted of child sex opences. In: theguardian.com, Tokyo, March 1, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017
  15. ↑ Odaka Chiba: No judicial standard yet in Japan over right to be forgotten. In: asahi.com, August 24, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017
  16. ↑ Kyodo: Tokyo High Court overturns man's right to be forgotten. In: japantimes.co.jp, July 13, 2016, accessed January 29, 2017
  17. ↑ AFP: Japan court orders Facebook to reveal revenge porn IP addresses. In: yahoo.com, October 21, 2014, accessed January 29, 2017
  18. ^ Austrian Business Council: Japan introducing "My Number" system, some information. In: abc-jpn.net, May 10, 2015, accessed January 29, 2017
  19. ↑ Jiji: A year into new system, Japan's My Number ID cards are not catching on. In: japantimes.co.jp, January 4, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017
  20. ↑ Internet Speeds by Country - Fastest Internet In The World Map. Retrieved January 30, 2017 (English).
  21. ↑ Jacob Kastrenakes: Japanese internet provider offers twice the speed of Google Fiber for less money. April 15, 2013, accessed January 30, 2017 .
  22. ↑ JAXA | Overview of the "KIZUNA" (WINDS). Retrieved January 30, 2017 (English).
  23. ↑ plaza homes: Internet in Japan: Finding a service provider in Tokyo. In: realestate-tokyo.com, March 14, 2015, accessed January 29, 2017
  24. ↑ a b Freedom House: Freedom on the Net Silencing the Messenger: Communication Apps under Pressure. In: freedomhouse.org, November 2016, pp. 10ff, accessed on January 29, 2017
  25. ↑ Reporters Without Borders: Japan's Reporter Ranking. In: reporter-ohne-grenzen.de, around 2016, accessed on January 29, 2017
  26. ↑ Martin Kölling: Post from Japan: Free Internet in Nippon In: heise.de, April 28, 2016, accessed on January 29, 2017