Concentration camp in Cyrenaica (1930–1933)

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Map of 15 of the Italian concentration camps in Libya

The concentration camps in Cyrenaica from 1930 to 1933 were run by fascist Italy during the Second Italo -Libyan War and were part of the fascist genocide against the Cyrenean population , in which a quarter to a third of the population perished as a result of death marches and concentration camp imprisonment. They were the first fascist concentration camps in history and are also classified by historians as death or extermination camps .

history

In the spring of 1930, the Italian Colonial Minister Emilio De Bono and the Governor General for Libya Pietro Badoglio came to the conclusion that the rebellious Bedouins, who were fighting for their traditional livelihood as semi-nomads, could only be pacified by further escalating the violence. The sealing of the border with Egypt by a fence ( fascist Limes ) was intended to deprive the fighters and civilians of the possibility of supply and retreat, poison gas bombardments and the deportation of the population to concentration camps were suggested.

Badoglio and General Rodolfo Graziani made the non-combatants the main victims of the war. On June 25, 1930, he ordered the forced relocation and internment of 100,000 people in concentration camps. Around 10,000 people died from the rigors of the marches under the scorching summer sun. Violence, hunger and epidemics turned the camps into actual death camps with, according to Mattioli, credible estimates of 40,000 dead. Del Boca names 40,000 victims from deportation and camp detention. Both assume that around a quarter of the population of Cyrenaica perished as a result of deportation and imprisonment. This mass extinction met the ultimate goal of the fascist colonization process of gaining new "living space" ( spazio vitale ).

The camp guards consisted of Esercito , Carabinieri , Eritrean Askari and indigenous Zaptie .

The leader of the rebels, al-Muchtar, was captured in 1931, sentenced to death and hanged in front of 20,000 Libyans in the Soluch concentration camp .

  • The concentration camps in Cyrenaica 1930–1933

  • Execution of Omar Mukhtar in the Soluch concentration camp (1931)

  • Aerial view of the El-Abiar concentration camp, with around 3,123 prisoners in 1931

  • A route inside the Soluch concentration camp, with around 20,123 prisoners in 1931

  • Food rations in the Sidi Ahmed el-Magrun concentration camp, with around 13,050 prisoners in 1931

Classification of the camp

According to the Swiss historian Aram Mattioli (2004), the concentration camps of the Italian fascists in Cyrenaica from 1930 to 1933 cannot be compared with the National Socialist “extermination factories” during the Second World War, but they were “real death camps” from the genocide of the autochthonous The population served to make way for Italian settler families. "Italy was the first fascist regime to deport entire ethnic groups and perish in death camps," said Mattioli in an article for Die Zeit in 2003. The Italian historian Angelo Del Boca (2004) and the American-Libyan historian Ali Abdullatif Ahmida (2009) describe the fascist concentration camps in Cyrenaica as "extermination camps". The Libyan historian Abdulhakim Nagiah (1995) states that these were the "first fascist concentration camps in history" and also speaks of a genocide in which an estimated one third of the total population was killed in Cyrenaica between 1923 and 1931.

Concentration camp in Italian Libya 1930–1933
camp place from to estimated number of prisoners
Agedabia Ajdabiya March 1930 September 1933 9,000
Ain Gazala Gazala 1930 1933 2.130
Apollonia Marsa Susah 1930 1933 3,140
Barce Al-Marj 1930 1933 2,190
Bescer Bishr 1930 1933 ?
Carcura Carcura Baiadi 1930 1933 ?
Coefia Kuwayfiyah 1930 1933 365
The NA Darnis 1930 1933 725
Driana Daryanah 1930 1933 1,375
el Nufilia To Nawfalīyah 1930 1933 1,125
el-Abiar Al-Abyār 1931 October 1933 8,000
el-Agheila al-Aqaylah January 1930 October 1932 34,500
Guarscia Benghazi 1930 1933 360
Marsa al Brega Al Burayqah March 1931 June 1933 20,072
Sidi Ahmed el-Magrun Al Magrun September 1930 October 1933 13,050
Sidi Chalifa Sid Khalifah 1930 1933 650
Such Sūluq October 1930 May 1933 20.123
Suani el-Achuan Sawānī al Ikhwān January 1932 October 1933 2,300
Suani el-Terria Sawani Tik 1930 1933 500

Web links

See also

literature

  • Ali Abdullatif Ahmida: The Making of Modern Libya. State Formation, Colonization and Resistance, 1830-1932. 2nd Edition. State University of New York, New York 2009, ISBN 978-1-4384-2891-8 .
  • Ali Abdullatif Ahmida: When the Subaltern speak: Memory of Genocide in Colonial Libya 1929 to 1933. In: Italian Studies 61. 2006, number 2, pp. 175-190.
  • Anna Baldinetti: The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial legacy, exile and the emergence of a new nation-state. Routledge 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-47747-5 , p. 29 f.
  • Angelo Del Boca: Fascism and Colonialism - The Myth of the Decent Italians . Published in: Genocide and War Crimes in the First Half of the 20th Century . Ed .: Irmtrud Wojak and Susanne Meinl, Campus 2004, ISBN 3-593-37282-7 , p. 193 ff.
  • Nicola Labanca: Italian Colonial Internment . Published in: Italian Coloialism . Ed .: Ruth Ben-Ghiat and Mia Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan 2005, ISBN 978-0-230-60636-4 , p. 27 ff.
  • Aram Mattioli : Libya, Promised Land , time May 15, 2003, accessed February 20, 2017.
  • Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of fascist Italy in Libya 1923–1933 . Published in: Genocide and War Crimes in the First Half of the 20th Century . Ed .: Irmtrud Wojak and Susanne Meinl, Campus 2004, ISBN 3-593-37282-7 , pp. 203 ff.
  • Abdulhakim Nagiah: Italy and Libya in the Colonial Era: Fascist Rule and National Resistance. In: Sabine Frank, Martina Kamp (ed.): Libya in the 20th century. Between foreign rule and national self-determination. Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-89173-042-X , pp. 67–85, here p. 78.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923-1933 . P. 216 f.
  2. ^ Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923-1933 . P. 218
  3. ^ Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923-1933 . P. 219 and De Boca: Fascism and Colonialism - The Myth of the Decent Italians . P. 195
  4. ^ Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923-1933 . P. 221
  5. ^ Campo die Concentramento on I Campi Fascisti, accessed February 20, 2017
  6. ↑ De Boca: Fascism and Colonialism - The Myth of the Decent Italians . P. 201
  7. ↑ Cf. Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923–1933. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): Genocide and war crimes in the first half of the 20th century. Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 205 u. 219.
  8. ↑ Aram Mattioli: Libya, Promised Land. In: The time. May 15, 2003, accessed March 30, 2015.
  9. ↑ Angelo Del Boca: Fascism and Colonialism. The myth of the "decent Italians". In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): Genocide and war crimes in the first half of the 20th century. Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 196.
  10. ↑ Amida writes in English of “genocidial camps”, which Aram Mattioli translates into German as “extermination camps”, cf. Ali Abdullatif Ahmida: The Making of Modern Libya. State Formation, Colonization and Resistance, 1830-1932. New York 2009, p. 139 and Aram Mattioli: The forgotten colonial crimes of Fascist Italy in Libya 1923–1933. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): Genocide and war crimes in the first half of the 20th century. Frankfurt am Main 2004, pp. 203–226, here p. 226.
  11. ↑ Abdulhakim Nagiah: Italy and Libya during the colonial period: Fascist rule and national resistance. In: Sabine Frank, Martina Kamp (ed.): Libya in the 20th century. Between foreign rule and national self-determination. Hamburg 1995, pp. 78 and 80.
  12. ^ Campo die Concentramento on I Campi Fascisti, accessed February 20, 2017