Iniquity
| Jun-kenmut in hieroglyphs | ||||||
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| Old empire |
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| or |
Iun-kenmut Jwn-knmw.t Support of the Kenmut / Kenmet |
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Iunkenmut (also Iunkenmet ; actually Iun-kenmut, Iun-kenmet ) is a title already documented in the Old Kingdom , which some Egyptologists associated with the god Iunmutef or regarded as an epithet of him, since Iunmutef first appeared in the 5th dynasty in connection with the ancient Egyptian settlement Jeret-Iunmutef is documented in writing. The term Junmutef itself was previously an epithet of Horus in his function as Horus in Chemmis , where he worked as a support for his mother .
In this context are also the priestly activities of the Tjet and the Sem , which, as successor offices, build on the function of Mut-nefer occupied in the time of the Thins and can be seen as the oldest iconographic model of the deity Iunmutef.
background
The title is attested for the first time in Akhtiaa at the end of the 3rd dynasty . It is documented relatively frequently in the Old Kingdom, while it occurs only rarely in the Middle Kingdom . Wolfgang Helck points out that the title is often mentioned together with legal titles and assumes that the title holder has a role in this area.
The first pictorial representations of Junmutef, in thematic connection with the office of Jun-kenmut, can be seen in Bubastis in the Ka house of Pepi I at the passage of a lintel on the south side. Pepi I is between Hathor and Bastet , who are standing in front of the king. Behind Bastet you can see Iunmutef, who wears a cap-like short hairstyle and a panther skin . The left hind paw embraces Iunmutef with his left hand while he holds the Ankh symbol in his right hand .
etymology
The basic meaning of the term Iun means a supporting pillar or column. In addition, the term pillar / column / support is also used in the family area in the meaning of supporter and provider . The titles Iunjau ( pillar of the old man ), Sameref ( pillar of his father / his loving son ), Iunschemau ( pillar of Upper Egypt ) and Iunhutef ( pillar of his palace ) are also equated .
From the 11th dynasty , the title of the priest leader Rudjahau is to be understood in this context, who calls himself a great pillar of his family . The spelling of the pillar sign is often supplemented by an ideogram and is considered to be the transfer of the family pillar / support with regard to the deity, the priest or the person. This traditional connection learned under Thutmose III. a further appreciation, since Thutmose III. as the (essence) image of Iunmutef and equated Iunmutef with Horus in Chemmis . In the accompanying inscription is Thutmose III. to be seen as the embodiment of Iunmutef with the determinative of a panther skin carrier, who recites with the raised right hand and holds the paw of the panther skin with the left hand during a procession .
Possibilities of interpretation
The meaning of the title is controversial in Egyptology , as the translations cannot be clearly understood and have a wide range: pillars of the panther or leopard skin people , pillars of the Kenmet bird , pillars of the oasis people and pillars of the oasis .
In addition, there is the possibility that the term Kenmut can also be seen as an early synonym for the sun god Re . With the motif of equating Kenmut as darkness , reference is made to the opposite role and appearance of Re as day sun with regard to the function of Re as night sun ( Senku ) .
See also
literature
- Orly Goldwasser: From icon to metaphor: Studies in the semiotics of the hieroglyphs . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1995, ISBN 3-525-53777-8
- Hermann Grapow : Comparisons and other figurative expressions in Egyptian . Schmidt Periodicals, Bad Feilnbach 1989 (reprint of the Leipzig 1920 edition), p. 164.
- Dilwyn Jones: An index of ancient Egyptian titles, epithets and phrases of the Old Kingdom; Vol. 1 . Archaeopress, Oxfort 2000, ISBN 1-8417-1070-9 , pp. 6-7.
- William A. Ward: Index of Egyptian administrative and religious titles of the Middle Kingdom: With a glossary of words and phrases used . American University of Beirut, Beirut 1982, p. 8.
Web links
Notes and individual references
- ↑ See for example Alexandre Moret: Mystères égyptiens: Avec cinquante-sept gravures dans le texte et seize planches hors texte . Colin, Paris 1927; Pp. 75–78 and Gustave Jèquier: La panthère dans l'ancienne Égypte . P. 14 and 18.
- ^ Helen Jaquet-Gordon: Les noms des domaines funéraires sous l'ancien empire égyptien . Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo 1962, pp. 353–355.
- ↑ Ute Rummel: Pillar of his mother - assistance of his father: Investigations into the God Iunmutef from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom . Hamburg 2003, p. 15.
- ↑ Ute Rummel: Pillar of his mother - assistance of his father: Investigations into the God Iunmutef from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom . Hamburg 2003, p. 43.
- ↑ Wolfgang Helck : Investigations into the official titles of the Egyptian Old Kingdom. In: Egyptological research. (ÄF) No. 18, Glückstadt, Hamburg, New York, 1954, p. 74.
- ↑ Labib Habasi: Tell Basta . Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo 1957, pp. 11–18, plate II .; Ute Rummel: Pillar of his mother - support of his father: Investigations into the God Iunmutef from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom . Hamburg 2003, p. 26.
- ↑ Orly Goldwasser: From icon to metaphor: Studies in the semiotics of the hieroglyphs . Pp. 22-24 and pp. 56-60.
- ↑ Erika Feucht: The child in ancient Egypt: The position of the child in the family and society according to ancient Egyptian texts and representations . Campus, Frankfurt / Main 1995, ISBN 3-593-35277-X , pp. 527-530.
- ↑ James Henry Breasted : A new chapter in the life of Thutmose III . Olms, Hildesheim 1964 (Reprint edition Leipzig 1900), p. 31.
- ↑ Wolfgang Fauth: Helios megistos: To the syncretistic theology of late antiquity . Brill, Leiden 1995, ISBN 90-04-10194-2 , p. 51.