Izalco

This article covers the location of Izalco in El Salvador. The volcano of the same name is described under Izalco (volcano) .

Izalco
Coordinates: 13 ° 44 ′  N , 89 ° 40 ′  W Izalco​ Izalco on the map of El Salvador
Basic data
Country	El Salvador
Department	Sonata
Residents	70,959  (2007)
Detailed data
surface	175.90
height	440  m
City structure	24 cantons
Time zone	UTC −6
City Presidency	Roberto Abraham Alvarado Barrientos ( FMLN- CD), 2009–2012
Image wanted

Historical picture from Izalco

Los Cristos procession in Izalco

Izalco (also Itzalco , Nawat : Itzalku or Ijtzalku ) is a municipality in El Salvador in the Sonsonate department . It is near the Izalco volcano and 55 kilometers from San Salvador .

Surname

The Nawat name Itzalku is made up of the word components itz , “ obsidian ”, (k) al , “house” and the locative ending -ku ( Nahuatl -co ) and can be roughly translated as “place of obsidian houses”. In the time of the Cuzcatlan Empire , the place was also known under the double name Tecpan-Izalco, where tekpan (tecpan) means "palace" or "temple".

history

Before 900 the area of ​​Izalco was settled by the Nahua ethnicity Pipil . Izalco became the center of a regional principality (cacicazgo) . As one of several Pipil principalities, it came under the rule of Cuzcatlan around 1200 .

In 1528 Izalco, like all of Cuzcatlan, was conquered by the Spaniards under Pedro de Alvarado .

In 1550 the place had a population of about 4,500 people and was the center of the most densely populated area of ​​today's El Salvador.

Until 1838 Izalco was divided into two parts because of colonial racial segregation .

Dolores Izalco

The upper town, Dolores Izalco or Izalco Arriba, was administered by a Cabildo de Españoles . The immaculate conception is celebrated on December 8th as the patron saint. On March 11, 1842, Francisco Malespín had Dolores Izalco occupied and had the MPs Francisco Zaldaña and Pioquinto Hernández of the Partido Liberal fusilate in a public square .

Asunción Izalco

The lower town, Asunción Izalco or Izalco Abajo, was administered by a Cabildo the Indios . She gave the Spanish crown as an encomienda to Juan de Guzmán and later to his son Diego de Guzmán. Thanks to a donation, this made the construction of the first church possible in the 16th century. In 1580 a bell donated by Charles V was consecrated for the church. The Assumption of Mary (Asunción) is celebrated on August 15th as the patron saint. According to Monsignor Cortez y Laraz, the parish of Asunción had no pastor since 1770 and the church was destroyed in an earthquake on July 29, 1773 (Marta). Today the church shows baroque style.

On February 24, 1838, during the reign of Jefe Supremo Timoteo Menéndez , Asunción Izalco and Dolores Izalco were to be merged into Villa Izalco . En passant , the Cabildo de Españoles had taken over the political representation of the indigenous people in this place , which was perceived by the Cabildo de Indios in colonial New Spain .

Indigenous peasant movement, uprising and massacre 1932

By two government decrees by President Rafael Zaldívar in 1881 and 1882, the property rights of the indigenous communities were revoked and the communally managed ejidos were dissolved. As a result, the large landowners also expanded their property in Izalco at the expense of the indigenous Pipil ( Nahuas ) and had coffee and sugar cane plantations set up on them. Government decrees also made it possible for indigenous families to own land, but laws such as the one on imprisonment for debts (Ley de Prisión por Deuda) , exorbitant interest and minimum purchase prices for the agricultural products of the small farmers accelerated land concentration under the government of Tomás Regalado from 1898 . Violence in evicting the Pipil from their land was commonplace.

In the local elections in 1927, Pedro Mauricio from Nahuizalco received the majority of the votes, the Ladinos challenged his election and justified this with the fact that Mauricio was illiterate .

In 1930 Leonhard Schultze made three-month studies in the Izalco region.

The local elections on January 3, 1932 were associated with the hope of many Pipil von Izalco to get a mayor from their own ranks again. One month before the election, on December 2, 1931, General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez put himself to power. After it became clear shortly after that the Salvadoran Communist Party had won the election in many communities, General Hernández had the elections canceled.

On January 22nd, 1932, Feliciano Ama led the Pipil farmers of Izalco into an uprising against the large landowners and the military rule of General Martínez. The town hall (alcaldía) was occupied by insurgent peasants. The indigenous people warned the mayor, Miguel Call, to leave, but he refused and shot two indigenous people. As a result, Miguel Call was shot. His designated successor Rafael Castro was also killed. After the suppression of the uprising, the Matanza , a massacre that killed around 30,000 people in all of El Salvador in early 1932, over a quarter of the total population in Izalco, almost every man over 12 who could not escape. The mass shootings lasted for about a month. Feliciano Ama was hanged by the victors on the village square of Izalco on January 28, 1932 . Since then there has been no representation of the Nahua population.

Political parties and local politics

The death squad party , the Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA), was founded in Izalco in 1981. She traditionally starts her nationwide election campaigns in Izalco, where, according to her statement in 1932, “the country was saved from communism”, with her party anthem, which reads: “El Salvador will be the grave where the reds will find their end” ( El Salvador será la tumba donde los rojos terminarán) . Near the ARENA party office in Izalco, across from the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady (Iglesia la Asunción) is El Llanito , one of the largest mass graves from the Matanza period . Since the genocide in 1932 it had not been possible to commemorate the dead here or anywhere else. In January 2001 Juliana Ama, headmistress of the school “Dr. Mario Calvo Marroquín ”, avowed indigenous peoples ( Pipil ) and great niece of the peasant leader Feliciano Ama, who was hanged at this place in 1932, to organize commemorations at the mass grave, which have since taken place annually around the anniversary of the slaughter with the participation of the pastor of the Iglesia la Asunción and indigenous groups. From 1981 to 2009 the ARENA in Izalco controlled local politics. In the local elections in January 2009, the party of the former guerrillas, Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN), finally won , and since then, Roberto Alvarado has been the mayor. An alliance of indigenous people, schoolchildren and students, intellectuals, and Catholic and Protestant Christians formed the basis for the change. Jesús Amadeo Martínez of the National Salvadoran Indigenous Coordination Council Consejo Coordinador Nacional Indígena Salvadoreño (CCNIS) sees the deselection of the ARENA and the success of the FMLN as a sign of the "awakening of the indigenous peoples and the maintenance of the memory of our [murdered] grandfathers". After his election as mayor, Roberto Alvarado took part in the memorial ceremony in El Llanito a few days later .

Pipil culture today

Izalco is one of the last places where the Pipil language Nawat can occasionally be heard. Due to the efforts of the indigenous organization Asociación Coordinadora de Comunidades Indígenas de El Salvador (ACCIES) and the University of Don Bosco in San Salvador , teaching is carried out at some schools in the Sonsonate Nawat department, despite the lack of state programs. In 2008 in Izalco, “Dr. Mario Calvo Marroquín “665 students with two teachers Nawat, in three other locations within the municipality an additional 284 students. The project has been running since 2003. In Izalco also home to the the initiative to regain Nawat language (Iniciativa para la Recuperación del Idioma Nahuat) IRIN furnished "office for Nawat Language" (Tajkwiluyan Ipal ne Taketzalis) involving, among other teachers for the subject Nawat are trained.

economy

The economic activities are agriculture, grain staple foods, cattle farming. During the mass murder in 1932, the colonial style houses were preserved, which makes Izalco a tourist attraction today. Izalco has mobile phone location, internet connection, cafeterias, restaurants, two colonial churches, rivers with waterfalls, places with religious and indigenous tradition.

Political structure

The 24 Cantons of Municipios Izalco are called: Cangrejera, Ceiba del Charco, Chorro Abajo, Chorro Arriba, Cruz Grande, Cuntán, Cuyagualo, El Sunza, Joya de Cerén, La Chapina, La Quebrada Española, Las Higueras, Las Lajas, Las Marías, Las Tres Ceibas, Los Tunalmiles, Piedras Pachas, San Isidro, San Luis, Shonshón, Talcomunca, Tapalshucut, Tecuma and Teshcal.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Resultados Alcaldes Electos en El Salvador para 2009-2012 ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ^ Iniciativa para la Recuperación del Idioma Náhuat: IRIN
3. ↑ Alan R. King: Basic Nawat Resources  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ ^{a b} Miguel Marmol y Oscar Martínez Peñate sobre José Feliciano Ama (eltorogoz.net)
5. ↑ Thomas Anderson: Matanza. El Salvador's Communist Revolt of 1932. 1971, p. 23
6. ^ ^{A b} Paul D. Almeida: Organizational expansion, liberalization reversals and radicalized collective action. In: Harland Prechel (ed.): Politics and globalization 15, 2007, pp 57-97.
7. ^ Dermot Keogh (1982): El Salvador 1932. Peasant Revolt and Massacre.
8. ↑ Jeffrey Gould y Carlos Henríquez Consalvi: Video "1932. Cicatrices de la memoria". New York: First Run / Icarus Films, 2002. Film review 1932 - La memoria toma la palabra. ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ Gloria Silvia Orellana, January 22, 2009: FMLN gana Izalco la «joya» preciada de ARENA
10. ^ Emilyhabenberg, March 15, 2009: El Salvador Elections - The Ghosts of Izalco
11. ^ Roberto Lovato: March 12, 2009: Izalco, El Salvador and the Way Beyond the Silence. New America Media, News analysis ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
12. ^ ^{A b} Roberto Lovato: Mon (u) rning in El Salvador. Of America, March 26, 2009
13. ↑ Iván Escobar: Municipios indígenas cambian rumbo político en 2009. DiarioCoLatino, January 24, 2009 ( Memento of the original from September 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ↑ Geovani Montalvo: Pueblos Indígenas en El Salvador conmemoran masacre de 1932. Upside Down World, January 27, 2010
15. ↑ Memoria Curso - Taller Nacional sobre Derechos Humanos y Pueblos Indígenas en El Salvador ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 466 kB)  
16. ↑ Edgardo Ayala, ipsnoticias.net, 14 de octubre 2009: Lengua indígena se niega a morir ( Memento of the original from July 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ^ Jorge E. Lemus: Un modelo de revitalización lingüística - el caso del náhuat o pipil de El Salvador. (PDF; 897 kB) Experiencias educativas de publicación No. 2, March 2008. ( Memento of July 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
18. ↑ The Office For the Nawat Language: TIT (Tajkwiluyan Ipal ne Taketzalis) ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.