Jewish community Neustadt an der Waldnaab

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The Jewish community of Neustadt an der Waldnaab existed in Neustadt an der Waldnaab from the 14th century to 1684.

history

The little yellow house, Freyung 23, (or Freyung 14) served as a yeshiva. In the basement of the light blue house to the right, Freyung 25, there is a mikveh.

Beginnings up to the 16th century

In 1358, Emperor Charles IV founded the Freyung (Freihung) district in Neustadt an der Waldnaab. With this part of town the emperor wanted to promote trade and craft in Neustadt. He guaranteed all craftsmen and traders who settled here free from all taxes for 10 years. He instructed his carers to provide these craftsmen and traders with full escort to transport the goods to and from Neustadt.

For the Jews, who were often traders, this was an occasion to settle in this new part of town. In a document dated August 6, 1392, Jews were first mentioned in Neustadt. These are the Jews Sachs and Michel, who lend Landgrave Johann I von Leuchtenberg 60 Hungarian guilders at an interest rate of 1 guilder a week. On June 20, 1400, the same Landgrave borrowed 190 Hungarian guilders from the Jews Feisel and Nasse, both also residing in Neustadt.

In 1514 one Jew lived in Neustadt, in 1548 there were 13 Jews. A Jewish quarter developed between the Freyung and the Judengraben. In 1552 the Jews owned 8 houses in Freyung.

It was ordered that the Jews were not allowed to live in the city center, but only in Freyung. Furthermore, the Jews were forbidden to brew beer, to cultivate crops, to raise livestock, and to trade in salt and grain under penalty of expulsion. The Jews were allowed to shop for groceries, trade in cloth, linen, silk, gold, silver, pearls, tins, powder, and spices. They were only allowed to trade cattle outside the borders of their rulership. Any trade over 8 guilders required a permit from the rulership. An annual interest of 5 to 12 guilders plus a fattened goose was charged per Jewish family, or 45 kreuzer instead of the goose.

The Jews, like the other Freyungers, were obliged to do tension and labor services for the rulers. That means they had to drive malt and grain to the mill for the rulership, drive beer and kovent (= thin beer) to the castle, drive grain and hay to the princely barns, thresh grain, sweep the rooms in the castle, pluck hops and other work to do, which was assigned to them by the rulership. But they also had the protection of the rule, like the other subjects.

Crafts and trade experienced an upswing in Neustadt with the settlement of the Jews. Weavers 'and cloth makers' guilds came into being because the Jews promoted the sale of the manufactured goods.

Namely from this time are:

  • 1558 a Jew Lazarus Moschl and the Abrahamin, Moschl's mother, who were forbidden to lend money without the permission of the councilor. The reason was the debts that the cloth maker Jörgen Löbl had with them.
  • 1578 a Jew Leb who was a glazier, i.e. a craftsman.

In 1519, at the instigation of the anti-Semitic cathedral preacher Balthasar Hubmaier, the Jewish community in Regensburg was dissolved and the Jews were expelled from Regensburg. Some families came to Neustadt an der Waldnaab.

In 1567, at the time of the Counter Reformation and the revival of Catholicism , the Jews were expelled from Landshut . Some Jewish families from Landshut settled in Neustadt and the number of Jewish families in Neustadt grew to 20. Neustadt was predominantly Protestant at that time and tolerated the Jews. Since the Jewish community in Neustadt was small, it only had one vice-rabbi and was looked after by the chief rabbi at Schnaittach .

Houses inhabited by Jews in Neustadt an der Waldnaab in 1595

Jewish residents in Neustadt in 1595

Head of the family Age Number wife and children old house number today: Freyung No.
Joel 60 7th 204 24
Isak 50 5 (and 2 boarders) 202 28
Jacob 43 5 (and 1 maid) 158 5
Maier 55 7th 163 15th
Samuel 35 4 (and mother and maid) 168 (mikveh) 25th
Feifaß Simon 50 6th 206 20th
Moses 39 6th 209 14th
Lazarus 28 3 (and maid) 212 8th
David 27 4th 207 18th
Feifaß Moses k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A.
Maier Jakob k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A.

Freyung 14, former yeshiva (or Freyung 23)

17th century to 19th century

Meir Eisenstadt writes that in 1621 Neustadt had an important college for the training of rabbis . A mikveh was set up in the house at Freyung 25, which still exists today . The mikvah in the cellar of Freyung 25 has been preserved. A Talmud school was located in House Freyung 14 or House Freyung 23. In the Talmud School respected scribes who had contacts as far as Venice taught. The brothers Isak ben Mose and Joel Aschkenasi Katzenellenbogen were among these scribes. Joel Aschkenasi married the daughter of the famous chief rabbi of Venice Katzenellenbogen, who belonged to the Jewish nobility of scholars. After the marriage, he then - not entirely justified and not without controversy - claimed the famous name Katzenellenbogen for himself and all of his relatives. Joel Aschkenasi lived in Neustadt with his wife. One of her sons, Mattithiah Liebermann, became rabbi of Schnaittach. One of her great-grandchildren, Ezechiel Katzenellenbogen, became chief rabbi in Hamburg-Altona-Wandsbeck. The head of the Talmud school was Isak ben Mose Katzenellenbogen, born in 1543. After the school closed, he moved on to Prague and published there the text "Modelet Jitzach", a treatise on calendar studies.

In 1621 the Mansfeld troops looted the houses of the Jews in Neustadt. The Talmud School was closed and some parishioners moved away.

In 1673, Prince Wenzel Eusebius von Lobkowicz transferred the power of government over Neustadt to his wife, Countess Palatine Auguste Sophie von Pfalz-Sulzbach . The Countess Palatine was Protestant and tolerant, both towards the Catholics and towards the Jews. During their reign, Jews were welcome in Neustadt. In 1674 there were 16 Jewish families living in Freyung.

Her son, Prince Ferdinand August von Lobkowicz (1655–1715), was strictly Catholic and tried to remove the Jews from Neustadt. After the death of his mother in 1682 there were still 9 Jewish families in Neustadt. Prince Ferdinand increased the taxes for the Jews so that they could no longer pay them and were expelled. In 1684 he dissolved the Jewish community and expelled the remaining 4 Jewish families from Neustadt. The families of the brothers Enoch and Hirsch Meier, Eisig and Nathan Feifas moved to Floß , where they were given a letter of protection by Count Palatine Christian August . There they founded the Jewish community in Floß .

Even after the Jews were expelled from Neustadt, the residents of Neustadt continued with these commercial and financial transactions. A Neustadt decree from 1690 with the following wording testifies to this:

"One should once again seriously forbid all citizens from engaging in a trade, pledging or transferring their chattels with the Jews living in the neighborhood, or from getting into debt, as the subjects who see a Jew in the villages do such a thing to report to the authorities. "

When the pilgrimages to the Neustadt pilgrimage sites of St. Quirin and St. Felix brought in many coins in different currencies that had to be changed, the Jew Joseph Eysig from Floß was given this task.

In 1871 the Jew Moses Isak Bloch registered a cut goods wholesaler that he had operated in house no. 10 (Dallerhaus) until then.

In the Neustädter Stadtmuseum a board is kept on which a Jewish butcher advertises in Hebrew script with German words: "Here you can get good Worscht and a good Bratguller. Jospe, son of Josle Tachauer, Moses Figels, farm, teacher, Hogel in Raft, Kugelhupffresser and ... (illegible) ".

Jewish Cemetery

The Jewish cemetery was on the northwest side of the Judengraben. It was mentioned in a document in 1621. Today (2017) there are gardens there. At the beginning of the 20th century, human bones were unearthed during excavation work, which confirmed the assumption about the location of the former Jewish cemetery. A tombstone with a Hebrew inscription from 1648 is in the Neustädter Stadtmuseum. It was a Ms. Rösle, daughter of Nathan, who had recently died.

Jewish customs

The Jews who wanted to go from Floß to Weiden had to pass through Neustadt's territory. When crossing the border, they had to pay a Jewish customs duty specially introduced for Jews. For the goods carried an amount that corresponded to the equivalent of a hundredweight of barchent or a barrel of groceries or a ton of herrings . 14 kreuzers per person, 7 kreuzers per woman and 3.5 kreuzers per child were charged. On October 24, 1803, the Jewish community of Floß submitted a petition to Prince Franz Joseph Maximilian von Lobkowitz to abolish the Jewish tariff. The latter rejected the request on January 5, 1804. When the prince sold the Neustadt-Sternstein estate to Bavaria in 1806, the problem solved itself.

Number of Jewish residents in Neustadt

year people Familys Names
1548 - 13
1557 - 18th
1559 - 10 Veit Jud, Mendel Sekhel, Juda Nathan, Mayer Jud, Hanna Jüdin, Mendel Moscha, Seckhel Aaron, Moscha Sechel, Mayer Enoch, Seckel's heirs
1567 - 20th
1582 - 9 Benedus Jud, Jakob Jud, Feyfaß Jud, Isaac Jud, Johl Jud, Aaron, Goldschmid Jud, Abraham Jud, Meihr Jud
1591 - 13 Aaron, Jüdin, Abraham, Jüdin, Lazarus Jud, Moises Jud, Feifaß Jud, Seckel Jud, Samuel Jud, Maier Jud, Jakob und seine Eidam Moschel, Isaak Jud, Joel Jud, Simon Jud, David Jud
1595 64 11 Joel, Isak, Jakob, Majer, Samuel, Feifaß Simon, Moses, Lazarus, David, Feifaß Moses, Maier Jakob
1637 - 8th
1641 - 8th Michael Rendtl, Rendtl Seckhl, Nathan Judt, Eisackh Judens Kinder, Alt Jakob Seckhel's heirs, Mendl Moschl, Seckhl Aaron, Moschl Seckhel
1660 - 8th
1674 - 16
1680 - 6th
1682 - 9
1684 - 4th

literature

Web links

Commons : Judaism in Landkreis Neustadt an der Waldnaab  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/oberpfalz_friedhoefe.htm#Neustadt an der Waldnaab (NEW)
  2. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 338
  3. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 338
  4. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 338
  5. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, pp. 338, 339
  6. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 339
  7. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 339
  8. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 339
  9. ↑ Rebekka denz, Gabi Rudolf: Genisa -Blätter II in cooperation with the Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim in the name of the Association for Jewish Studies eV, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2017, ISBN 978-3-86956-393-0 , URNurn: nbn: de: kobv: 517-opus4-102539, pp. 26, 27, online
  10. ↑ Renate Höpfinger: The Jewish community of Floß in Michael Brenner (ed.), Renate Höpfinger (ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , pp. 89, 90
  11. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 341
  12. ↑ https://geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas/index.html?bgLayer=historisch&X=5510322.92&Y=4512190.66&zoom=14&lang=de&topic=ba&layers=e528a2a8-44e7-46e9-9069-1a8295blayers113b5&Nibility=flayers113b5
  13. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 340
  14. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 344
  15. ↑ Michael Brenner: Introduction to Michael Brenner (Ed.), Renate Höpfinger (Ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , p. 2
  16. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, pp. 343, 344
  17. ↑ Rebekka denz, Gabi Rudolf: Genisa -Blätter II in cooperation with the Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim in the name of the Association for Jewish Studies eV, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2017, ISBN 978-3-86956-393-0 , URNurn: nbn: de: kobv: 517-opus4-102539, pp. 26, 27, online ( memento of the original from October 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nbn-resolving.de
  18. ↑ Michael Brenner: Introduction to Michael Brenner (Ed.), Renate Höpfinger (Ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , pp. 2, 3
  19. ↑ Michael Brenner: Introduction to Michael Brenner (Ed.), Renate Höpfinger (Ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , pp. 2, 3
  20. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 340
  21. ↑ Michael Brenner: Introduction to Michael Brenner (Ed.), Renate Höpfinger (Ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , pp. 2, 3
  22. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 340
  23. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 338
  24. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 342
  25. ↑ Rebekka denz, Gabi Rudolf: Genisa -Blätter II in cooperation with the Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim in the name of the Association for Jewish Studies eV, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2017, ISBN 978-3-86956-393-0 , URNurn: nbn: de: kobv: 517-opus4-102539, pp. 26, 27, online ( memento of the original from October 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nbn-resolving.de
  26. ↑ Magnus Weinberg : History of the Jews in the Upper Palatinate / 5: Duchy Sulzbach (Sulzbach u. Floss) , Munich: Ewer-Buchhandl., 1927, online: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de
  27. ↑ Renate Höpfinger: The Jewish community of Floß in Michael Brenner (ed.), Renate Höpfinger (ed.): Die Juden in der Oberpfalz , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (December 1, 2008), ISBN 978-3486586787 , p. 97
  28. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 342
  29. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 342
  30. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 343
  31. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 343
  32. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 338
  33. ↑ http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/oberpfalz_friedhoefe.htm#Neustadt an der Waldnaab (NEW)
  34. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 343
  35. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, p. 109, 342
  36. ^ Heinrich Ascherl: History of the city and rule Neustadt ad Waldnaab. , Publisher: Stadt Neustadt ad Waldnaab, 1982, pp. 340, 341