Pegs
| Pegs | ||||||||||||
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Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Clupeidae | ||||||||||||
| Cuvier , 1817 |
The herring (Clupeidae) are a family of the real bony fish (Teleostei), which occurs almost worldwide in all oceans between 70 ° north latitude and 60 ° south latitude, but especially in the tropics. Around 57 species, such as the native allis shad ( Alosa alosa ) or Lake Tanganyika sardine ( Limnothrissa miodon ), live in fresh waters. Especially the species of the Caspian Sea are anadromous migratory fish and alternate between fresh and brackish water. The best-known species are the Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ), which gives the family its name, and the sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ).
features
The different types of herring are three to 76 centimeters long, most of them stay under 25 centimeters. Their bodies are generally spindle-shaped and elongated, sometimes high-backed and somewhat flattened on the sides. The mouth is usually terminal, in some species slightly above, in the subfamily Dorosomatinae below. Teeth are small or missing. The body is normally scaled, the subfamily Dussumieriinae lack body scales with the exception of a single pelvic scale. Most species have two long, rod-shaped Postcleithra bones (bones of the shoulder girdle). The number of vertebrae is usually 37 to 59, and those of the scales in a longitudinal row are 40 to 50. Usually five to ten Branchiostegal rays are counted .
Way of life
Herring are usually obligatory, plankton- eating schooling fish that react in panic and disoriented without contact with the school. They live near the coast and near the surface in free water ( pelagic ).
Systematics
The herrings are divided into four subfamilies. In addition to the herring of the subfamily Clupeinae , which occur mainly in temperate seas , these are the Alosinae , the Dorosomatinae , which are found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world's oceans and in African fresh waters, and the Ehiravinae , which are mostly found in fresh waters and brackish water biotopes live on the coast of the western Indo-Pacific.
use
Many herrings are important edible fish .
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
- Peter JP Whitehead: Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalog of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies, and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Species Catalog for Fishery Purposes. No. 7. FAO Rome 2005. ( PDF ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Sébastien Lavoué, Peter Konstantinidis & Wei-Jen Chen: Progress in Clupeiform Systematics. in Konstantinos Ganias (Ed.): Biology and Ecology of Sardines and Anchovies. CRC Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1482228540
Web links
- Herring on Fishbase.org (English)