Allis shad
| Allis shad | ||||||||||||
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Allis shad, adult (preparation) and young fish, caught in 2010 by Grieth |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Alosa alosa | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The shad or shad (also Alose ) ( Alosa alosa ) belongs to the herring-like (Clupeiformes). It is an anadromous migratory fish that migrates up the middle and upper reaches of larger rivers to spawn in spring. Due to overfishing, the construction of impassable barrages and water pollution , the once common allis shad disappeared from Germany's rivers within a few decades after 1890. The allis shad was fish of the year 2004 . A resettlement program in the Rhine that has been running since 2003 is showing initial successes.
description
Allis shad grow to an average of 30–50 cm, a maximum of 80 cm long and can reach a weight of 4.5 kg. They become sexually mature at the age of 3 to 6 years. The main food is zooplankton .
Distribution and way of life
The allis shad occurs in the coastal waters of Europe from the western Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean . It belongs to the anadromous migratory fish species: From mid-April to the beginning of June - but mainly in May, hence the name "allis shad" - the sexually mature allis shad migrate up to the middle and upper reaches of larger rivers to spawn in order to find themselves on gravel during the warm May nights To propagate river sections. The female can lay between 100,000 and 400,000 eggs; the adults usually die after spawning. After only four to five days, the young allis shad hatch from the eggs and drift towards the estuary in autumn. Even before they have completed their first year of life, the now 10 to 15 cm long young animals migrate into the sea and develop there until they reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 to 8 years and the life cycle begins again. A few animals manage to spawn up to three times and reach an age of up to 9 years.
There are still larger deposits in France , Spain and Portugal , with declines everywhere to be observed. In France, it is found mainly in the rivers in the southwest ( Garonne , Gironde , Lot and Tarn ), as well as in the Loire area and some rivers in Brittany . In Spain / Portugal mainly in the Rio Minho and in the Douro . Since the stocks in France have fallen massively, a fishing moratorium applies to the Gironderegion, i. H.; no allis shad may be caught until the population has recovered.
Population development and endangerment
history
In Germany it used to be found in the Rhine , Ems , Weser , Elbe and their tributaries - in the Rhine upstream to Strasbourg and Basel . The allis shad was an important food fish in the 19th century. Already at the end of the 19th century, the species declined sharply as a result of river straightening with loss of spawning grounds, pollution of waters through industrialization and overfishing . The catch on the Rhine in the Netherlands fell from 1890 to 1900 to 25%, and from 1911 to 1920 to 0.5% of the amount caught between 1881 and 1890. A recovery in stocks was due to overfishing, regulation of rivers impassable for migratory fish weirs no longer possible and water pollution. The last documented catch worth mentioning was in 1949 near Wesel with 61.5 kg allis shad. Allegedly, two hundredweight allis shad were roasted for the May Festival in Cologne-Poll in 1950.
In most of the German federal states, the species has been extinct for decades, it is on Germany's Red List in Category 1 (critically endangered).
The "World Conservation Union" IUCN listed this species in the Data Deficient category until 2008 due to insufficient data , then as Least Concern (not endangered).
In Germany, except for individual specimens, allis shad living in the rivers have only been seen in some years since 1950, and mostly only in the growth phase from May to November in the Düsseldorf Aquazoo - Löbbecke Museum .
Resettlement
An overview of the population, development and threats can be found in the final report of the EU project on the reintroduction of allis shad in the Rhine system, which was drawn up at the end of 2010. The so-called lay report on this LIFE project was published as LANUV Technical Report 28 and can also be downloaded online in German, French, English and Dutch. The technical report gives an overview of the
- Allis shad biology
- The history of fishing on the Rhine
- backgrounds
- aims
- Achievements
of the project that expired at the end of 2010 and an outlook on the subsequent LIFE + allis shad project. The technical report is aimed at the general public, but also offers the specialist audience in-depth information, in particular on the methods for the artificial reproduction of allis shad developed within the framework of the project.
The program to reintroduce the allis shad showed its first successes in 2014, as allis shad were detected for the first time in the Upper Rhine, Neckar and Moselle regions.
Since 2008, allis shad larvae have been released into the wild as part of the Life project allis shad and in the Life + project "Alosa alosa" in order to reintroduce the species permanently in the Rhine. Against the background of stocking activities and the fact that allis shad are returning to the rivers to spawn after around 5 years, there were hopes that the first allis shad from the restocking measures could return to the Rhine from 2013 onwards.
Returnees
As early as 2014, observations of adult allis shad in the Moselle, Delta and Upper Rhine, as well as juvenile allis shad from natural reproduction discovered in the screenings of the Philippsburg nuclear power plant for the first time since the population was extinct in the first half of the 20th century, already provided clear indications of a positive population development. In spring 2014 at Bislich on the Lower Rhine, drift nets were used for the first time to search specifically for allis shad in the Lower Rhine and 3 ascending females were caught.
On June 2, 2017, at a celebration of the allis shad stocking in Kripp at the mouth of the Ahr, it was proudly announced that returning allis shad reproduce naturally in the Middle Rhine. In accompanying scientific studies by scientists from the environmental campus of the Trier University of Applied Sciences near Koblenz, hundreds of allis shad were overheard for the first time at their nightly wedding in mid-May, which took place with loud splashing on overflowing gravel banks.
The State Secretary for the Environment of Rhineland-Palatinate Thomas Griese and Christoph Heider, HIT Environmental Foundation, fill jars of allis shad larvae in Kripp on June 2, 2017 to be placed in the Rhine
The Rhineland-Palatinate State Secretary for the Environment Thomas Griese and Christoph Heider, HIT Environment Foundation, plant allis shad larvae in Kripp on June 2, 2017, in the background Marion Meitzner from the "Finne" program of the Wasserlauf Foundation
Allis shad larvae transported on June 2, 2017 from Gironde / France to Kripp for stocking there
Allis shad larvae are placed in their transport containers in the Ahr
The transport containers with allis shad larvae are slowly getting used to the water temperature of the Ahr
Allis shad project
Origins
The idea for reintroducing the allis shad into the Rhine arose in Cologne , influenced by the allis shad tradition in Cologne-Poll . Walter Sollbach , chairman of the Rhenish Fisheries Association from 1880, lived in Cologne-Deutz, which is connected to Cologne-Poll through various relationships and festivals. At the beginning of 2003 the shareholders of the newly established HIT environmental foundation of the Dohle company , Klaus and Ralph Dohle, asked him about a suitable funding project. In a conversation in a Cologne brewery they suggested "small fish" because one of them was an avid fisherman. Walter Sollbach advised against it and instead suggested the allis shad, which, as a Cologne native, was known to him in connection with Poll. A few years earlier, Poller Maigeloog had carried out a historical allis shad demonstration fishing in the Rhine in cooperation with the Bergheim Fishery Brotherhood in Cologne-Poll. In 2000, fresh allis shad from France were offered for tasting on the occasion of the "Poller Maispill" in Cologne-Poll.
The HIT environmental foundation agreed. In search of a way, a literature study and a genetic comparison of "Rhine allis shad" from Iffezheim and "from a Heidelberg museum" (W. Sollbach) with the French allis shad population took place. Since these proved to be closely related, contact was made with France and the biologist Peter Beeck was commissioned with preliminary studies. Beeck then presented - also after studies of allis shad from Portugal, Scotland and 5 feint from the Elbe - in December 2003 a recommendation ("Preliminary study on possible stocking of allis shad in the Rhine system") for the reintroduction of allis shad in the Rhine.
After the preliminary studies showed good chances for resettlement, an application was made for European funding.
EU Life project
Since 2008, the allis shad has been specifically reintroduced in the Rhine as part of the international EU-Life project “The reintroduction of allis shad in the Rhine system”. For this purpose, several million larvae of the herring species are bred in France and released at previously mapped locations in the Rhine system. In total, around four million fish have been released into the water so far. The project received the European Regional Champions Award in 2008 for the best European maritime project. On May 23, 2012, the German-French-Dutch allis shad project in Brussels received an award from the European Commission for the second time. It received the title "Best of the Best" of the European Life-Nature projects. Project manager Heiner Klinger accepted the award in the presence of Walter Sollbach, initiator of the program, and Karl Apel, deputy head of the forest and nature conservation department, Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The French partners were represented by Alain Guillaumie, President of the Association MIGADO (Migrateurs Garonne Dordogne) France and Philippe Jatteau, head / editor of action points Irsta (formerly CEMAGREF). The project management lies in North Rhine-Westphalia with the State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection NRW (LANUV), Department 26 Fisheries Ecology, the management with Andreas Scharbert (Rheinischer Fischereiverband). The visual framework for the award was provided by the representatives of Poller Maigeloog, a May club with medieval roots, which, under the direction of foreman Hans Burgwinkel , has dedicated itself to the tradition of allis shad fishing in Cologne on the Rhine.
In September 2010 it was possible to detect young fish in the Rhine for the first time. The young fish found in Grieth near Kalkar in the Rhine show that the reintroduction project has started successfully. It is not yet possible to speak of a self-reproducing population. Not until 2013 are there hopes for an increased return of adult allis shad, which then spawn in the Rhine.
On June 16, 2010 the official celebration of allis shad 2010 took place on the banks of the Rhine in Cologne-Poll with the environment ministers from Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia as well as many celebrities. Several hundred of a total of approximately 2.6 million allis shad larvae were symbolically released there, the rest then in Hesse, in the Sieg and on the Lower Rhine. To commemorate this event and at the same time as a tribute to the surviving Poller allis shad tradition, the first European allis shad information board of the EU-Life project was set up on November 8, 2010 on Poller Rheinufer at the beginning of Maifischgasse. More are to follow shortly in the state capitals of Düsseldorf and Wiesbaden as well as in France for more detailed information about the reintroduction of the allis shad.
EU Life + project
On June 6, 2012, in Asslar the first Maifischzuchtanlage Germany in the presence of many celebrities from Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate and officially removed from France and the Netherlands in operation. The allis shad larvae and eggs come from the pilot plant for allis shad breeding in Bruch , France, which opened in spring 2008 . The system is unique in Europe and was developed by the project partners MIGADO and CEMAGREF in collaboration with the fish farmer Patrice Astre and the fishing association Fédération de Pêche du Lot-et-Garonne. The French fishing association FD 47 made parts of its existing fish farm available for the construction of the facility. In 2008, around 500,000 allis shad larvae were bred there and transported from there to Germany. The pilot facility is intended to help optimize the keeping conditions for allis shad in breeding facilities in order to increasingly dispense with the removal of wild animals for stocking measures.
In 2015 an international allis shad symposium took place in Bergerac in southern France. a. with experts from the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal. There was also an exhibition of Hans Burgwinkel's Poller Heimatmuseum about "Allis shad International".
On June 3, 2015, another official celebration of the annual allis shad stocking took place in Cologne-Poll. For this purpose, Hans Burgwinkel , as rank manager of the Maigeloog bollard, succeeded in importing fresh allis shad from the Rio Minho, a border river between Spain and Portugal. Thus the first official consumption of allis shad took place here again at an event in Germany.
Cross-border allis shad project
After the EU projects had expired, the "transnational allis shad project" led by the Rhenish Fisheries Association was initiated in 2016, which has ensured the continuation of the reintroduction measures for the migratory fish species since 2017 as a follow-up project to the EU Life + project.
In addition to the already established supporters from North Rhine-Westphalia (HIT-Umweltstiftung, Rheinfischereigenossenschaft NRW, District Government Düsseldorf), Hesse (Hessian Ministry of the Environment, Association of Hessian Fishermen) and the Netherlands (Sportvisserij Nederland), from now on the Rhine bordering Switzerland (FOEN), Baden-Württemberg ( Landesfischereiverband BW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Food and Forests, MUEEF). The first public measure was an allis shad stocking with around 200,000 allis shad larvae in Kripp an de Ahr estuary.
Exhibitions and films
In the context of the allis shad program, detailed information is also provided about exhibitions and films. In addition to official information boards and two films from the EU-Life and EU-Life + programs, Poller Maigeloog has created a permanent and a smaller mobile exhibition in collaboration with the Poller Heimatmuseum .
Accompanying project
In addition to the official allis shad stocking events, actions of the "Finne" project are taking place in NRW. FINNE - rediscover the world of fish in North Rhine-Westphalia - is a state-wide environmental education project of the fishing associations in North Rhine-Westphalia together with the North Rhine-Westphalia Ministry of the Environment.
The aim of the project is to enable children and young people to experience the local water world up close. In the FINNE workshops and guided tours, young water experts can discover live how a body of water ticks, which creatures use it as a habitat and what makes a healthy river kingdom. In addition, projects of the Rhine station of the University of Cologne as well as eel and crayfish projects were presented during stocking measures in Cologne-Poll.
literature
- State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia (LANUV NRW): The reintroduction of the allis shad (Alosa alosa) in the Rhine system , technical report 28. Recklinghausen 2011.
- Gerd Bauch: The local freshwater fish. 5th, revised edition. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen 1966.
Web links
- EU LIFE project: The reintroduction of allis shad in the Rhine system
- rp-online: Allis shad in the Rhine near Kalkar again
- Allis shad on Fishbase.org (English)
- Alosa alosa inthe IUCN 2012 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2008. Retrieved on April 9, 2013.
- A herring swims in the Rhine. Breeding facility participates in resettlement project.
- Poller Heimatmuseum, field overview Poll Fischfang and EU allis shad project
- YouTube EU project film: A chance for the allis shad
- The allis shad is back in the Rhine "- film about the first returnees to the Rhine was produced by television, Sat3 Nano, in 2013.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Preliminary study on the possible stocking of the allis shad (Alosa alosa) in the Rhine system - study funded by the HIT Environmental Foundation and the Landesfischereiverband Nordrhein eV - Result report Project processing: Peter Beeck, University of Cologne, Zoological Institute, General Ecology & Limnology, 50931 Cologne
- ^ Poller Maigeloog, Allis shad, General
- ↑ Maigeloog bollard
- ↑ Red List Register
- ↑ Technical report 28: The reintroduction of the allis shad (Alosa alosa) in the Rhine system ( Memento of the original from January 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed on March 28, 2015
- ↑ The LIFE + project to protect and restore allis shad populations in the catchment areas of the Rhine and Gironde ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ First evidence of spawning allis shad in Rhineland-Palatinate
- ↑ Poller Maigeloog.de allis shad project ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ EU Life Project
- ↑ Press release from the Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ “Allis shad exposed in the Rhine” - report in the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from June 16, 2010 ( memento of the original from June 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ European Regional Champions Award (PDF; 1.2 MB)
- ↑ European Commission, Environment, Life-Program, News: May 2012, Happy 20th Birthday LIFE! Retrieved December 3, 2012 ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ "First success with the reintroduction of the allis shad: migrating young fish were found in the Rhine" press release of the Ministry of Environment of North Rhine-Westphalia from October 4, 2010 ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Wikinews, Allis shad in the Rhine
- ↑ Maigeloog bollard
- ↑ Poller Maigeloog, Allis shad, display board
- ↑ Poller Maigeloog allis shad breeding
- ^ Colloque international sur l'étude, la restauration et la gestion de l'alose
- ↑ Allis shad presentation 2015 [1]
- ↑ Press release RhFV First allis shad stocking event of the Rhenish Fisheries Association in Rhineland-Palatinate Archived copy ( memento of the original from August 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Foundation Wasserlauf, Naturerlebnis und Umweltbildung, Finn
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