Brook lamprey
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Brook lamprey ( Lampetra planeri ) |
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| ( Bloch , 1784) |
The brook lamprey ( Lampetra planeri ) is a species of the lampetra genus of lampreys .
features
The body of the brook lamprey is very similar to that of a small eel. In contrast to this representative of the bony fish , the lamprey belongs to the jawless group . Instead of a jaw, it has an upper jaw plate with one tooth on each side and a lower jaw plate with 5-9 teeth as well as a mouth disc with upper and marginal lip teeth. The two nasal pits are not connected to the mouth and lie under the two eyes, seven round gill openings follow on each side.
The brook lamprey is colored dark blue to green on the upper side, over a yellowish white on the flanks the color changes smoothly into a pure white on the belly side. As a rule, the animal reaches a length between 10 and 20 centimeters. It was named Fish of the Year in Germany in 1988 (together with the river lamprey ) and in Switzerland in 2017 .
distribution
The habitat of the brook lamprey are clear streams and small rivers in the trout and grayling regions . It is widespread in Europe in the entire North and Baltic Sea area and is also found in the British Isles, in southern France, southern Italy, Sardinia, Dalmatia, Albania and up to the upper reaches of the Volga. The distribution area overlaps with that of some species of the Eudontomyzon (Southeast Europe) such as the Lethenteron ( Northern Italy).
The brook lamprey is the only stationary living species of the genus Lampetra in Germany of the lamprey species otherwise known as migratory fish .
Way of life
The brook lamprey spends most of its life in the larval stage as a querder , up to an age of three to five years. During this time the Querder lives largely hidden in the detritus of the stream sediment. Only the mouth protrudes a little into the flowing water in order to be able to filter suspended particles from the water, on which the cross-ders feed, since the larva has neither a sucking mouth nor eyes. Lampetra planeri is crepuscular and nocturnal and does not tolerate high temperatures.
In the adult stage the species lives in the same habitat as the larvae, in contrast to related lampreys, which live limnic or marine as adults. According to Sterba, the life of the lampreys consists of the following sections: embryonic period - larval period - transformation ( metamorphosis ) - feeding period - reproductive period. The feeding period only takes place in the river lamprey ( L. fluviatilis ) and in the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ). It fails with the brook lampreys; as adults they do not eat any food and are therefore not conspicuous as fish pests.
In the third or fourth autumn, the Querder transforms into the adult brook lamprey. The transformation phase can take up to a year, during which the genital organs, horny teeth and eyes develop and the intestine degenerates. The body structure of this adult stage is primarily geared towards reproduction. The digestive tract soon becomes inoperable: there is no longer any food intake.
Spawning usually takes place near the silt and detritus banks in which the brook lampreys used to live as larvae. In small groups of six to twelve animals, they cut spawning pits in which the eggs are laid. After egg-laying and insemination, the parent animals die. The larvae that hatch after a few days then seek out quieter areas of the stream to dig in.
Hazardous situation
The brook lamprey is considered endangered and one of the endangered animal species, as the special way of life of the larvae requires a heterogeneous distribution of the soil substrates. The destruction of the habitats and the considerable changes in the living conditions in rivers as well as inadequate measures for water maintenance are responsible for the decline of the species. The vital silt and fine sediment banks as well as fine detritus deposits are cleared out in particular through the expansion and maintenance measures of the water bodies . In order to counteract further destruction of its habitats, the brook lamprey has been included in the appendix of the Habitats Directive .
The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN assessed the species in the 1996 Red List of Threatened Species as potentially endangered ( Near Threatened ), but now sees a significant recovery of the populations due to improved water quality due to locally rare stocks and therefore rates the species as not endangered ( Least Concern ).
literature
- Gunter Steinbach (ed.): Freshwater fish (The colored nature guides). Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1984.
- Hans A. Baensch , Rüdiger Riehl : aquarium atlas. Volume 2. Mergus Verlag, Melle, ISBN 978-3-88244-014-0 .
Web links
- Brook lamprey on Fishbase.org (English)
- Nina Weber: Evolution: Biologists solve lamprey puzzles. In: Spiegel Online , August 7, 2013.
- Walter Salzburger et al .: Strong Genome-Wide Divergence Between Sympatric European River and Brook Lampreys. In: Current Biology 23 (2013), No. 15, doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2013.06.026 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Overview "Fish of the Year" in Germany. German Fishing Association, accessed on February 26, 2018 .
- ↑ Fish of the year 2017 in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) Swiss Fisheries Association, archived from the original on February 27, 2018 ; accessed on February 26, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Günther Sterba : Freshwater fish of the world. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 2002, ISBN 3-89350-991-7 .
- ↑ Lampetra planeri in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2008. Accessed March 7 of 2010.
Brook Loach (1984) | Bitterling (1985) | Schneider (1986) | European mud lamb (1987) | Brook lamprey , river lamprey (1988) | Bullhead (1989) | Brown trout (1990) | Minnow (1991) | Atlantic salmon (1992) | Cod (1993) | Nose (1994) | European eel (1995) | Sea trout (1996) | European grayling (1997) | Strömer (1998) | North Sea Bill † (1999) | Atlantic salmon (2000) | European sturgeon (2001) | Burbot (2002) | Barbel (2003) | Allis shad (2004) | Brown Trout (2005) | Bullhead (2006) | Tench (2007) | Bitterling (2008) | European eel (2009) | Crucian carp (2010) | Grayling (2011) | Lamprey (2012) | Trout (2013) | European sturgeon (2014) | Huchen (2015) | Pike (2016) | Flounder (2017) | Three-spined stickleback (2018) | Atlantic salmon (2019)
