John Howard (philanthropist)
John Howard (born September 2, 1726 in Clapton in Hackney near London , † January 20, 1790 in Cherson , Crimea ) was an English philanthropist and reformer of the penal system .
Life
His life's work was the reform of the state prisons, which he systematically established and thus brought about new legislation in England, which then gradually made the European penal system much more humane (most important publication: The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, first edition published Warrington, Eyres , 1777). In Germany, his reform ideas were best known through the Protestant chaplain Heinrich Balthasar Wagnitz (1755–1838), who advocated qualified professional training for inmates.
His work An account of the principal lazarettos dealt with the condition of Europe's hospitals and brought about a reform of their hospitals in various countries .
In 1790 Howard was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .
literature
- Extracts from the Writings and Observations / The Life of John Howard, Esquire . Thompson, Newcastle 1790; Summary of important writings and first biography.
- Later biography of H. Dixon (London 1850) and J. Field (London 1855).
- Uwe Wesel : History of the law in Europe. From the Greeks to the Lisbon Treaty . Munich 2010, p. 361 ff.
- Hirsch-Hübotter: Doctors' Lexicon . Volume III, p. 314.
- John Howard (philanthropist) . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 7644.
- Howard, John . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 13 : Harmony - Hurstmonceaux . London 1910, p. 832 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans-Uwe Lammel: Howard, John. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 631 f .; here: p. 631.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Howard, John |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | English philanthropist and prison reformer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 2, 1726 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hackney near London |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 20, 1790 |
| Place of death | Kherson , Crimea |