Eau de Cologne

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Original Eau de Cologne in a Rosoli bottle
Eau de Cologne Order for Napoleon (1811)
4711 Molanus bottle from 1885
Today's bottle from 4711

Real Eau de Cologne or Eau de Cologne is the name of a typical Cologne scented water . It was developed at the beginning of the 18th century and dominated the perfumery market until the late 19th century.

In contrast to Eau de Cologne , Original Eau de Cologne is a registered trademark of the Cologne manufacturer at the German Patent and Trademark Office , while a registration as a community trademark by the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market , confirmed by the CFI , was rejected as a "descriptive indication without distinctive character".

history

Originally from the 18th century, the Eau de Cologne from Johann Maria Farina is opposite Jülichs-Platz . The Italian perfumer Johann Maria Farina (1685-1766) created in 1709 from oils of lemon , orange , bergamot , tangerine , lime , cedar and grapefruit and herbs a scent water it in honor of his adopted hometown " Eau de Cologne " for the first time in a Letter from 1742 so named. The house "Farina opposite" thus took over the designation of origin that French officers had added to the Eau Admirable, and thus became the inventor of "Eau de Cologne", which the company still produces today in an unchanged recipe.

Eau de Cologne developed into a commercial success in the following decades, which from Cologne was soon sold throughout Europe. Among its users were Louis XV. , Napoleon Bonaparte and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Voltaire called it a scented water that inspires the mind, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe kept handkerchiefs soaked with eau de cologne near his desk. Beau Nash and Beau Brummel made it the dominant men's fragrance in Great Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Eau de Cologne was comparatively cheap compared to perfumes. It was used in large quantities by wealthy people, but it was inexpensive enough to be used in moderation by middle-class people as well. Hairdressers and pharmacists alike carried it among their wares. It was originally worn almost exclusively by men, but it was not until 1830 that it became established as a fragrance for both sexes in Great Britain.

The world's best-known original Eau de Cologne is the 4711 brand , the name of which is taken from the former house number of the Muelhens GmbH & Co. KG headquarters in Glockengasse. It has been made by Wilhelm Mülhens in Cologne since the beginning of the 19th century . On December 12, 2006, the perfume and cosmetics company Mäurer & Wirtz took over the 4711 brand from Muelhens GmbH & Co. KG, which belongs to the Procter & Gamble group . Both Cologne Waters are among the oldest perfumes in the world that are still produced today.

An example of a historically significant eau de Cologne producer outside Cologne is Maria Joseph Farina (* December 3, 1785, † January 19, 1864), who immigrated to Paris and went there from 1806 under the name "Jean Maria Farina, Paris" produced a "Véritable Eau de Cologne" for the first time. In 1862, the perfume company Roger & Gallet , founded in the same year by Armand Roger and Charles Gallet, took over the Paris company and thus became a competitor in the Eau-de-Cologne market. Now part of the L'Oréal Group, it is still available today.

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Eau de Cologne in Turkey

Origins

Eau de Cologne is a very important part of Turkish culture. Sultan Abdülhamid II began to import the Eau de Cologne, which had become famous in Europe, towards the end of the 19th century. Initially, only the sultans used it in their palaces. The personal physician of Sultan Abdülhamid, however, determined the effective effect of the highly alcoholic Eau de Cologne on bacteria and therefore suggested that the Sultan make it available to the entire population. In 1882 Ahmet Faruki Bey founded the first ıtriyat fabrikası (perfume factory) of the Ottoman Empire. There the production of Eau de Cologne started. The population called the scented water Odikolon, later the name Kolonya was introduced, which is still used today. The Kolonya became increasingly popular in the Ottoman Empire. The eau de Cologne originally came to the Ottoman Empire with a rose scent. Due to the relatively low sales prices, citizens from all walks of life could afford the tasty Kolonya. So it became a must for every household.

today

More and more colony factories were built and so the selection of different types of fragrance increased. The most popular scented water is the one with a lemon aroma. There are now over 190 types of scent available, from black tea to olives to limes. Well-known manufacturers are DEVA Holding (with the product Boğaziçi ), Eyüp Sabri Tuncer and Tariş . Traditionally, when guests visit, Kolonya is offered as soon as they have entered the house. The face and hands of the sick are also cleaned with it. These gestures are an integral part of Turkey's hospitality and are still practiced today.

Literature and Sources

  • Giovanni Fenaroli, L. Maggesi: Acqua di Colonia . In: Rivista italiana essenze, profumi, piante officinali, olii vegetali, saponi , vol. 42 (1960)
  • Francesco La Face: Le materie prime per l'acqua di colonia . In: Relazione al Congresso di Sta. Maria Maggiore 1960.
  • Sébastien Sabetay: Les Eaux de Cologne Parfumée . Sta. Maria Maggiore Symposium 1960.
  • Frederick V. Wells: Variations on the Eau de Cologne Theme . Sta. Maria Maggiore Symposium 1960.
  • Markus Eckstein: Eau de Cologne On the trail of the famous fragrance , Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2006, ISBN 3-7616-2027-6 .
  • Markus Eckstein: Eau de Cologne 300 years Farina , Bachem, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-7616-2312-1 .
  • Markus Eckstein: Cologne, cradle of Eau de Cologne , Bachem, Cologne 2013, ISBN 978-3-7616-2676-4
  • Wilhelm Mönckmeier: To celebrate the company's 200th business anniversary - Johann Maria Farina opposite Jülichs-Platz -, 1709 - 1909 , Cologne 1909
  • Herrmann Schäfer: FROM THE ARCHIVE OF THE ORIGINAL HOUSE, Johann Maria Farina opposite Jülichs = Platz , COLOGNE 1929.
  • Wilhelm Mönckmeier and Hermann Schaefer: The history of the house of Johann Maria Farina opposite Jülichs = Platz in Cologne, founded in 1709. A study of economic and commercial history. Writings of the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Wirtschaftsarchivs Volume 7, Kurt Vowinckel Verlag GmbH, Berlin-Grunewald 1934
  • Ernst Rosenbohm: Eau de Cologne. A contribution to European cultural history , Albert Nauck, Berlin / Detmold / Cologne / Munich 1951.
  • Johannes Augel: Italian Immigration and Economic Activity in Rhenish Cities of the 17th and 18th Centuries , Dissertation Bonn 1971 (published 2016), ISBN 978-3-7392-1433-7 .
  • Werner Schäfke (Ed.): Oh! De Cologne. The history of the cologne . With a contribution by Bernhard Kuhlmann: In any case, Eau de Cologne tastes better than petroleum . Wienand, Cologne 1985, ISBN 3-87909-150-1 (On the occasion of the exhibition: Ottekolong - Eau de Cologne - Kölnisch Wasser - on the history of a Cologne product in the Cologne City Museum from September 25 to December 1, 1985).

Web links

Commons : Eau de Cologne  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ EGC, judgment of November 25, 2014 - T-556/13 ( curoa.eu ).
  2. ↑ n.v., to celebrate the company's 200th business anniversary - Johann Maria Farina opposite Jülichs-Platz - , p. 13.
  3. ↑ n.v., FROM THE ARCHIVE OF THE ORIGINAL HOUSE, Johann Maria Farina opposite the Jülichs = Platz, KÖLN n.d. , p. 8.
  4. ↑ Wilhelm Mönckmeier and Hermann Schaefer, The history of the house Johann Maria Farina opposite the Jülichs = place in Cologne founded in 1709. A study of economic and commercial history. Writings of the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Wirtschaftsarchivs Volume 7 , Kurt Vowinckel Verlag GmbH, Berlin-Grunewald 1934, p. 61.
  5. ↑ Helena Attlee: Helena Attlee: The Land Where Lemons Grow: The Story of Italy and its Citrus Fruit. Penguin Books, London 2015, ISBN 978-0-14-196786-8 . P. 160.
  6. ^ Ruth Goodman: How to be a Victorian. Penguin Books, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-241-95834-6 . P. 131.
  7. ^ A b Ruth Goodman: How to be a Victorian. Penguin Books, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-241-95834-6 . P. 132.
  8. ↑ Schäfke, Oh! De Cologne, pp. 44 and 46
  9. ↑ Ernst Rosenbohm: Kölnisch Wasser, p. 392 ff.
  10. ↑ Kolonyanın Hikayesi: Bayramların Kokusu Kolonyanın 300 Yıllık Hikayesi. In: ListList. October 5, 2014, accessed March 28, 2020 (Turkish).
  11. ↑ Kolonya Dünyası. Retrieved March 28, 2020 .
  12. ^ Halkbank Kültür ve Yaşam. In: Halkbank Kültür ve Yaşam. August 7, 2019, accessed on March 28, 2020 (tr-TR).